Ethnography Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 664 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Topics: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? The ethnography that I chose to read is Cumbia! Scenes of a Migrant Latin American Music Genre edited By Hector Fernandez and Pablo Vila. This ethnography is about Cumbia and where cumbia originated from and how it became popular. Cumbia originally came from northern Colombia and it has spread through Latin America. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethnography Review" essay for you Create order Cumbia is also popular in the Americas and cumbia is also a very flexible form of music. Cumbia takes different local musical styles and mixes them together. It also changes its styles and meanings depending on the place. Cumbia is very popular with the working class and it is popular in northern Mexico, Latin American immigrants in New York City, Lima and also upper-class Colombians. This book looks at the different styles of cumbia, the history, musicology, sociology and many more things. This ethnography is written in many point of views. In the beginning of the book you do get an introduction of the editors and they talk about their points of view about Cumbia. Hector talks about how he presents himself as a middle-class coste? ±o which means that he is a native of Colombias Caribbean costal region. Colombia is also where Cumbia comes from. Even though Cumbia did come from Colombia a lot of middle-class Colombians saw Cumbia in a condescending way and also in a racist manner but Hector had working-class women working in his household who made Hector love Cumbia at a young age. Pablo, who is the other editor of the book, grew up in middle-class Argentina and that did not allow him to appreciate Cumbia until later in his life. The editors both explain their hypothesis which is focused on the examination of Cumbias and how nation, region, class, race ethnicity and gender are negotiated, achieved and provisionally and locally enacted by its followers (Lhoeste and Vila , 2013). This book was made with a collection of 11 different essays from different people so I did not feel like the author was biased because there was different authors in the book so you didnt get just one persons point of view. Cumbia has different genres depending on where you are. For example, in Mexico there is Nortena Cumbia. Each genre of cumbia uses different instruments. Nortena cumbia is played with an accordion and it is a lot slower than the originals cumbia. Cumbia brought different countries and societies together with music. Since it is so famous in many places, so many people know about it and get together and listen and dance to it. Cumbia is also used in different films, orchestras and dance centers. Cumbia shows different cultures to enjoy Latin American culture and have an open mind about other cultures. I feel like I do understand this society better after reading about this music. My family is from Mexico so I grew listening and dancing to this music. It was really interesting reading and learning the different history of Cumbia. My whole life I thought that Cumbia originated from Mexico and I did not know that it actually originated from Colombia so it was really interesting learning that. I also thought it was really interesting how cumbia is really famous with the working class but when it comes to middle class in some places it is seen in a negative way which I did not know. I also got to understand that there is different genres when it comes to cumbia. For example, in Mexico there is Nortena cumbia, cumbia Villera and other types of cumbia. I really enjoyed reading this book and getting to know this genre of music that I grew up listening to and learning where it actually came from and how it all started. It is definitely a genre of music that I love and I understand it more now that I have read this book. I really liked reading all the different points of views and how different cultures see cumbias and how depending on where you are different instruments are used.

John Locke The Second Treatises Of Government - 2344 Words

John Locke was an incredibly encouraging figure in the development of the ideals and methods of political functioning in the United States of America. John Locke applied many of his studies to write one of his most famous and moving works. â€Å"The Second Treatises of Government† is the document which ultimately struck the United States in their creation of the Declaration of Independence. In Locke’s work he had focused on the idea that governments shouldn’t be dictated by anyone person, but ultimately should be a united entity in which everyone in the country has a say in what is happening. For example, John Locke believed that the government should be in charge of deciding who should be the leading figure of power and protecting their citizens’ â€Å"Life, Liberty, and Property†. He also believed that if the government failed to fulfill their duties of protecting their people and establishing a limit of power for the leading figure of the country , it was the responsibility of the citizens to â€Å"overthrow the government.† John Locke kept a similar mindset to that of Hobbes when it comes to the government and its power. Locke’s work and ideas would go on to be highly influential upon Thomas Jefferson during the process of writing the draft of the Declaration of Independence. In this document Jefferson kept very close ties to Locke’s ideas to create what he believed would be the ideal government. Charles Montesquieu took a leading role in the method in which the United States’Show MoreRelatedThe Second Treatise Of Government By John Locke1593 Words   |  7 Pagessociety. In the publication The Second Treatise of Government, John Locke was the first to promote individualism over society. Though his ideas were considered as liberal, now are embraced by many conservative. John Locke’s ideas are the basis of the American government and so it is important to keep America s nature; the rights of life, liberty to own property, and the pursuit of happiness; at heart when creating laws. In Locke’s second treatise of government, John Locke described that to understandRead MoreJohn Locke : The Second Treatise Of Government1808 Words   |  8 PagesJohn Locke: Discussion 1 While reading the â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government,† you can notice and see that John Locke has a strong standing for civil rights as well as helping with the development of the Constitution of the United States. He states that the â€Å"consent of the governed,† is basically saying that communities are not put together by the divine right or ruled by. Paternal, familial, and political are types of powers that John Locke mentions that have all have unlike characteristics.Read MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Government918 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke’s ‘The Second Treatise of Government’, is a book which narrates his key ideologies, helping to underscore the primary reason for being regarded as the â€Å"father of Classical Liberalism†. Classical Liberalism, although having been on the rise for some time, was given its concrete foundation by Locke. Essentially, in his text, Locke conveys his interpretation of what certain aspects of classical liberalism, such as liberty, property, and entail. A fundamental principle of Locke’s book isRead MoreIn The Second Treatise Of Government, John Locke Offers1637 Words   |  7 PagesIn the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke offers a theory of human beings as owners of their own persons and labor, and of a natural right to property, which is the function of civil society to protect. In the Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, Rousseau argues that â€Å"private property is an artificial creation and the source of crimes, wars, miseries, and horrors† (Rousseau. p. 62). Locke and Rousseau have radically different conclusions after beginning from seemingly similar views on laborRead MoreJohn Locke s Second Treatise Of Government1322 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Locke’s Second Treatise of Government is one of the most influential works in the modern political canon. In the wake of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, Locke analyzes the origins and duties of government. Locke’s ideas of ina lienable rights and natural equality are the classical enunciation of liberalism. His writings have impacted political institutions across the globe, including the American Constitution. In this paper, I will argue that, although Locke’s conception ofRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesMadeline Boche Dr. Thorn Philosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of naturalRead MoreJohn Locke: Second Treatise of Civil Government Essay900 Words   |  4 PagesCivil Government and Locke The Second Treatise of Government provides Lockes theorizes the individual rights and involvement with the government; he categorizes them in two areas -- natural rights theory and social contract. 1.Natural state; rights which human beings are to have before government comes into being. 2.Social contact; when conditions in natural state are unsatisfactory, and theres need to develop society into functioning of central government. Political Power and NaturalRead MoreJohn Locke: Second Treatise of Civil Government Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pages John Locke was born on August 29, 1632, into a middle class family during late Renaissance England. Locke started his studies at Christ Church in Oxford. He then went into medical studies and received a medical license, which he practiced under Anthony Cooper. They became friends, and when Cooper became Earl of Shaftesbury, Locke was able to hold minor government jobs and became involved in politics. Shaftesbury steered Locke towards the views of a government whose law was fair to all, and all wereRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke s Leviathan And Second Treatise Of Government1852 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes vs. Locke This paper will compare and contrast the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke expressed in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Government. The paper will show the basic differences between the two philosophers views, is Hobbes distrust of the people and Locke s relatively greater trust of the people and distrust of the government s power and the likelihood of the abuse of that power. Hobbes view in Leviathan aims at ensuring civil order, which means for him the absolute powerRead MoreAnalysis and Historical Context from Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke1152 Words   |  5 PagesCOMMENTARY OF ‘SECOND TREATISE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT’: The previous fragment we’ve read belongs to the work of John Locke, ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’, who published it anonymously in 1689. It is a work of political philosophy, in which Locke talks about civil society, natural rights and separation of powers. Locke was one of the first empirical philosophers and he believed that the human being was born with no knowledge, and that experience and observation were the base of all human wisdom

Job Costing And Process Costing Accounting Essay Example For Students

Job Costing And Process Costing Accounting Essay The chief aim of fabrication houses is to do net income. The net income on each merchandise sold is the difference between the merchandising monetary value of the merchandise and the entire cost of doing the merchandise. Cost therefore plays an of import function in the merchandise design procedure. To cipher the cost that incurred on the merchandise we use different Costing Techniques. Costing is non an easy undertaking because in the procedure of fabricating a merchandise many indirect stuffs and labor are used. To place these costs we use different bing techniques. Here we are traveling to discourse two methods of bing Job Costing and Process Costing. Job Costing is to cipher the costs involved of a concern in fabricating goods. These costs are recorded in leger histories throughout the twelvemonth and are so shown in the concluding test balance before the preparing of the fabrication statement. In a occupation bing system, costs are accumulated by occupation. Direct stuff and direct labour are easy tracked on a merchandise. In occupation costing we keep tracking these costs at their original value till the occupation is completed. Overhead is applied after the occupation is done. It is applied either by utilizing a rate based on direct labour hours or by utilizing an Activity Based Costing ( ABC ) cost driver. In either instance, one time overhead is added, the entire cost for the occupation can be determined. Upon completion, the costs are transferred out of Work in Process to Finished Goods ( Cost of Goods Sold for service industries ) Examples are shoe manufacturing- requires different specification garment manufacturing- orders differs significantly vehicle fix shops- each fix requires different parts replacing and labour hours Procedure costing is a method that hints and accumulates direct costs, and allocates indirect costs of a fabrication procedure. Costss are assigned to merchandises, normally in a big batch, which might include an full month s production. At last, costs have to be allocated to single units of merchandise. It assigns mean costs to each unit, and is the opposite extreme of Job bing which attempts to mensurate single costs of production of each unit. Procedure costing is a type of operation bing which is used to determine the cost of a merchandise at each procedure or phase of industry. It can be defined bing as The costing method applicable where goods or services result from a sequence of uninterrupted or insistent operations or procedures. Costss are averaged over the units produced during the period . Process costing is suited for industries bring forthing homogenous merchandises and where production is a uninterrupted flow. A procedure can be referred to as the sub-unit of an organisation specifically defined for cost aggregation intent. Examples are Car assembly line-all autos coming out are indistinguishable Electronic assembly line where all merchandises is indistinguishable Biscuit fabrication though has more than one merchandise line, each line is a separate, uninterrupted procedure bring forthing indistinguishable merchandises. The differences between occupation order bing and procedure bing arise from two assorted grounds. The first is that the flow of units in a procedure bing system is more or less uninterrupted, and the 2nd is that these units are identical from one another. Under procedure bing it makes no sense to seek to place stuffs, labour, and overhead costs with a peculiar order from a client ( as we do with occupation order bing ) , since each order is merely one of many that are filled from a uninterrupted flow of virtually indistinguishable units from the production line. Under procedure costing, we accumulate costs by section instead than by order, assign these costs uniformly to all units that pass through the section during a period. .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .postImageUrl , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:hover , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:visited , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:active { border:0!important; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:active , .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ee07c3229ce6d2e86378583e42ac0ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION THEORY (742 words) EssayA farther difference between the two bing systems is that the occupation cost sheet is non used in procedure costing, since the focal point ofA a procedure costing is on sections. Alternatively of utilizing occupation cost sheet a production study is prepared for each section in which work is done on merchandises. The production study serves several maps. It provides a sum-up of figure of units traveling through a section during a period, and it besides provides a calculation of unit costs. In add-on it shows what costs were charged to the section and what temperament was made on these costs. The section production study is a c ardinal papers in a procedure bing system. Job Order Costing Jobs are different in nature. Every occupation has different production demands and many occupations can be processed at the same clip. Costss are occured by every single different occupation. Job cost sheet is the papers, which shows from where the costs have come on the occupation. Unit of measurement costs are computed by occupation on the occupation cost sheet. Procedure Costing A solo merchandise is produced on a regular basis or for a long period of clip. All units of merchandise are same. Costss are accumulated on the merchandise by all the sections. The section production study is the papers, which shows from which section costs have come and how much. Unit of measurement costs are calculated by section on the section production study. Decision: Both bing techniques have their ain advantages and disadvantages. In occupation costing, costs are accumulated by occupation whereas in procedure bing it is done by a procedure. Job costing is cardinal to managerial accounting. Procedure costing is used when merchandises are more homogenous, whereas occupation costing can be done on heterogenous merchandises every bit good.

The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states

Problem Identification and Background For a long time, the global capitalistic society has enjoyed a long period of stability. However, in the early 2000s, economic stability in western nations threatened this stability (Li, 2012, p. 1). Since this period, America has experienced several economic and political changes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the US has experienced several internal and external fiscal imbalances (characterized by debt-financing, consumption-led expansions, and a growing current account deficit) (Li, 2012, p. 1). Within this time, China has emerged as the dominant player in the global capitalist economy by sustaining most of the world’s economic growth (both in China and around the world). America has been unable to counter this growth. The endless wars that the US has fought in the Middle East have also added to the country’s failure to counter-check China’s growing dominance in global politics. Instead, such wars only threaten America’s position as the main center of global political power. Consequently, the rising dominance of China in the global political space has created tension in Sino-American relations. Now, the future of international relations between China and the United States (U.S) is unpredictable. Several researchers have explained the outcome of the relationship between China and the US by suggesting two outcomes – war, or peace. Deeper analyses of the Sino-American relations highlight a shifting power balance in favor of China. For example, Buono Lara (2007, p. 324) say with the periodic economic problems faced by the US, an opportunity for creating multiple centers of power in global politics has emerged. Evidence of this claim exists from the expansion of international relations between the EU, Russia, and China (among other emerging global powers). Buono Lara (2007, p. 324) believe some of these great world powers (including France) recognize the need to have a multi-polar reconstruction of world power to replace the single-power strategy (unipolar strategy) perfected by the US. Predominantly, China plays a central role in the realization of this multi-power strategy. For example, China has threatened America’s position as the ultimate global power. For instance, it has replaced America as the ultimate power in the Organization of Pacific Asian Cooperation (APEC) (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China is also the greatest commercial partner in South America, after displacing America in most commercial partnership contracts within the continent. For example, the Asian giant has signed different trade agreements with the main economic powers in South America, including Venezuela, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324). Some of these countries (for example, Venezuela) have accorded China unlimited access to their vast energy reserves. The dominance of China in the global economic space has challenged America’s political and economic dominance in global politics. To support this view, Buono Lara (2007) say, â€Å"The commercial and investment agreements between Venezuela, Brazil, and Columbia, and the central strategic role played by Cuba in inviting China to these trade agreements, was a setback for Washington† (p. 324). A similar global dominance of China has occurred in Asia. For example, in 2005, China and India signed several trade agreements to influence global politics (Buono Lara, 2007, p. 324). Both emerging global powers intended to do so by using their combined populations, which amount to more than a third of the global populati on, to influence the global market. These developments show that the US is slowly losing its grip in global politics, as it is becoming unlikely that it could impose its will on global issues, in the future. The shifting global power of world politics from the US to China raises anxiety that America may resort to war with China to maintain its position as the center of global power (according to the neo-realism view). Proponents of the neo-realism view have advanced several reasons to explain why this likelihood is possible. For example, they say, â€Å"a generalized existing broadening of international conflicts may lead to a Sino-American war, if it is fuelled by the same market that has generated armed conflicts in the past† (p. 324).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper inve stigates the possibility that great states (like America and China) would go to war to maintain their power. Central to this analysis are the roles of the neo-realism and the power transition theories in predicting such an outcome. Research Questions and Hypothesis Research Question To what extent does competition among great powers lead them to war? Hypothesis The probability of a new world war between China and the US is low, even if the intentions of great powers to wage wars are high. Detailed Topic Description Offensive realism is an ideology that strives to explain the aggressive nature of international relations. Mearsheimer (2007, p. 18) developed this theory during the Second World War by asserting the probability of conflict in international relations. This theory outlines the importance of the structural capabilities of nation-states to engage in war, when they want to maintain their dominance as centers of global power. Drawing from the principles of the neo-liberali sm theory, King (2008, p. 12) says that national security dominates the priority of nation-states. Proponents of this theory highlight the difficulty of controlling international relations as a recipe for war (they believe there is no regulatory institution for regulating international relations). They also believe that power-preventing misbehavior is the most effective framework for deterring nations from going to war (King, 2008, p. 12). The offensive realism theory is also pessimistic about the prospects of long-term relations among nation-states because of the competitive nature of these actors. Referring to this view, Mearsheimer (2007) says, â€Å"States favor self-help measures and relative short-term gains above cooperation and absolute long-term gains† (p. 18). Furthermore, King (2008, p. 12) says the relationships between nation-states are anarchical and untrustworthy. Often, this mistrust leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations of state actions, thereby l eading to war. The offensive realism theory premises its ideologies on five principles. The first principle outlines that the world’s most powerful nations are the main players in international politics. Within this principle, the theory also underscores the importance of looking at international politics as anarchical (Wirtz Fortmann, 2004, p. 52).Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The offensive realism theory also stipulates that these powerful states possess some level of offensive military capability. Through the possession of these military capabilities, nation-states are often wary of the intentions of other states on their welfare (and particularly the implications of these intentions on their national security). This background highlights the fourth principle of the offensive realism theory, which underscores the importance of survival, as the main preoccupation of nation-states in international politics (King, 2008, p. 12). Lastly, the offensive realism theory suggests that nation-states are rational entities and therefore make rational decisions that ensure their survival in international politics. Like the offensive realism theory, the power transition theory suggests the existence of war during power transitions in global politics. This theory paints a grim picture of international politics because it suggests nation-states buy military arsenal to a ttack other states that threaten their power, or dominance, in international politics. Mearsheimer (2007, p. 19) has been the greatest supporter of the offensive realism and power transition theories. His main ideological departure from proponents of defensive realism is the level of military arsenal needed to safeguard national security. While proponents of defensive realism theories say nation-states, need only â€Å"adequate† military arsenal to keep their countries safe, Mearsheimer (2007, p. 18) believes that nation-states need a lot of military power to protect national security. Furthermore, unlike the proponents of defensive realism, who believe that nation-states use their military arsenal to preserve the status – quo, the political transition theory suggests that most nations are power-hungry entities, which do not hesitate to attack other countries to increase their global influence (Wunderlich, 2007, p. 18). The political transition theory therefore says th at the international political system harbors the greatest motives for nation-states to â€Å"fight† because there is no central authority that would prevent them from doing so. Since this situation creates anarchy within the international system, proponents of the political transition theory believe that nation-states would eliminate the uncertainty surrounding the intention of other states on their national security by adopting aggressive military strategies to maintain their power (Wunderlich, 2007, p. 18). Such states would also increase their military capabilities and use them at the expense of other states. To explain this view, Mearsheimer (2007) said, â€Å"Great powers recognize that the best way to ensure their security is to achieve hegemony now, thus eliminating any possibility of a challenge by another great power. Only a misguided state would pass up an opportunity to be the hegemonic power in the system because it thought that it already had sufficient power t o survive† (p. 35). One theory that undermines the principles of the offensive realism theory and the power transition theory is the liberalism theory. This theory suggests that the accumulation of military arsenal is irrelevant in a world where states share mutual interests (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). Moreover, the theory posits that the existence of broad interests among states have made it difficult for countries to define national interests (SPKN, 2013, p. 1). Therefore, the protection of national interests (security), as proposed by proponents of the neo-realism theory, is irrelevant. The advancement of the liberalism theory in the 1970s prompted many researchers to say the neo-realist theory is outdated (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). Researchers who argue this view claim proponents of the neo-realist theory do not appreciate the complexity of international politics today (SPKN, 2013, p. 1). For example, they say advancements in globalization, telecommuni cation, and global commerce have complicated international relations to the extent that simple power politics cannot explain international relations today (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). After acknowledging the complexities of international relations, the liberalism theory advances four key principles. The first principle highlights the harsh environment of international relations, but warns against the use of military power to wade through this harsh environment (because the benefits of diplomacy often outweigh the benefits of military interventions) (SPKN, 2013, p. 3). The second principle acknowledges the existence of other forms of power (besides military power), as influential tools of solving international conflicts (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). For example, the liberalism theory says countries can use economic and social power to solve international conflicts. Concisely, recent years have shown the effectiveness of economic power (over military force) to influen ce state actions. The third principle of the liberalism theory recognizes the existence of different interests among countries. Therefore, the assumption that security and political interests surpass all other national interests (as proposed by realists) is flawed (Jackson Sà ¸rensen, 2012, p. 126). The last principle of the liberalism theory is the acknowledgement that the existence of international rules and regulations foster international harmony through cooperation and trust (SPKN, 2013, p. 3). A classic example of the working of the liberalism theory is the existence of mutual relations between the US and other major western powers. Certainly, although the US is an influential global power, it is unimaginable to conceive the idea that it would attack other western powers because of political or economic disagreements. Indeed, America often disagrees with major western powers (and some Eastern powers) about trade rules and policies, but because of the existence of the spirit of cooperation, America would not easily attack any of these countries. To this extent, the liberalism theory explains most international relations today. Besides the realism and liberalism theories, another theory that explains the nature of international relation is the idealism theory. The concept of idealism premises on the need for morality in international relations. The concept says foreign policies should pursue a moral goal and abstain from trickery and dishonesty (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). The same theory also condemns violence as a way of solving international conflicts (Crawford, 2013, p. 1). This view shows that the principles of idealism also differ with the principles of the neo-realism theory because the latter advocates for the use of violence to solve international conflicts. A practical understanding of idealism arises from the use of idealistic principles to explain the workings of the Democratic Party in the US (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). Politicians also used the same concept to end the First World War (particularly after Woodrow Wilson vowed to promote democracy and national self-determination as a strategy for promoting global peace) (SPKN, 2013, p. 4). The existence of the same principle in explaining how countries relate with one another informs the creation of the League of Nations, which was supposed to prevent the occurrence of global conflicts. Some scholars have used the promotion of idealism during the First World War as a pillar for understanding how democracy started (Crawford, 2013, p. 1). Outcome Analysis and Results Some researchers have expressed reservations regarding the principles of the neo-realism theory to explain military aggression between China and the US. One issue that emerges as an anomaly of the theory is the existence of global and regional institutions that regulate international relations (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). This criticism emerges from the assumption (by offensive realists) that there are no regulatory frameworks to g overn international relations. Steiner (2012, p. 52) argues that many regional and international institutions govern international relations. He gives the example of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT), the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the European Union (EU) (among other regional bodies), as regional bodies that regulate international relations (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). He further refers to the institutionalization of security cooperation, through global security bodies, such as the North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO), as an example of a long-term security organization that prevents nation-states from fighting (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). The creation of the international criminal court (ICC) is another example of the existence of an international legal and justice body that would deter attempts by nations to engage in â€Å"needless† wars. Kruse Tuck (2012, p. 93) believe the existence of such global institutions expla in why the 21st century marks the most peaceful period in the world’s history. Indeed, violence does not dominate global politics today as it did a few years back. Historical excerpts in England show that today’s global citizen has one-fifteenth the likelihood of dying in a global war, as opposed to people who lived more than 800 years ago (Kruse Tuck, 2012, p. 93). A central argument that advances this view is the human advancement in the legal and justice systems. Certainly, today, it is difficult for any nation to engage in an open war without legal consequences (Steiner, 2012, p. 52). Through this view, Steiner (2012, p. 52) disputes the fact that nation-states would easily go to war because there are no regulatory institutions to mediate conflict. In fact, contrary to the principles of the neo-liberalism theory, the existence of security and economic cooperation has continued after the end of the cold war. Another criticism of the offensive realism theory is the peaceful transition of power from a multi-polar system to a unipolar system, during the cold war. This transition stems from the dominance of the US in the global political system (unipolar system) after the end of the communist era. The neo-liberalism theory suggests the existence of conflict between America and other global powers, such as Russia during this transition, but this did not happen. Furthermore, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and communism, China gained economic and political power to become a global power, without any war. Researchers who criticize the neo-realism theory through the absence of major wars in the past few decades also say great political powers have realized their mistakes, and would not repeat the same political errors that contributed to the First World War and the Second World War (King, 2008, p. 12). The existence of alternative strategies for solving international power transitions decrease the likelihood that America would engage in a mili tary war with other nations. The absence of war during the Cuban military crisis explains the difficulty for America to pursue a military strategy, even when other countries provoke it. Historians say the Cuban missile crisis was the closest point where the cold war almost turned out to be an armed conflict (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). On one side, Russia and Cuba joined hands to position missiles in Cuba, ready for an attack on the US. One the other hand, the US government positioned nuclear missiles in Turkey, ready to attack Moscow, Russia. However, before any of the protagonists started the war, the US proposed a blockade to stop the transportation of Russian missiles in Cuba (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). This move was an attempt by the Kennedy administration to pursue alternative strategies for solving the crisis (besides using military force). This strategy almost failed because Russia was determined to attack the US. Consequently, in an attempt to stop the blockade, the Russian army s hot down a US plane. Historians say, ideally, this action would have easily stopped all the negotiations and started the war, but it did not (Roberts, 2012, p. 156). Instead, the Kennedy administration continued with the negotiations, until both parties agreed that they would stop all hostilities. In the agreement, the US declared that it would never attack Cuba. It also committed itself to destroy all nuclear weapons positioned in Turkey, if Russia did the same in Cuba (Stern, 2012, p. 160). Eventually, the conflict ended. The Cuban missile crisis is a good example that shows how world powers can be rational and avoid military confrontation, even when they are provoked. Indeed, although all indications suggested Russia and the US would attack each other, the rationality of both countries to negotiate prevented this eventuality from happening. This example undermines the validity of the neo-realism theory in predicting how countries solve international conflicts today. A key issue t hat emerges in this analysis is the advanced nature of military arsenal that has restrained many countries from attacking one another. The containment of nuclear arsenal particularly comes to mind here because nuclear weapons are deadly and may cause widespread human deaths. Countries therefore restrain themselves from using such weapons, although they have them. This analysis shows the widespread use of the deterrence theory in explaining the absence of conflict during the cold war. Particularly, this theory shows that military intimidation and coercion are effective strategies for solving conflicts, as opposed to engaging in physical military conflicts. Therefore, the capacity that warring states have to destroy other states (through nuclear technology) is a deterrent for states to refrain from provoking one another. Therefore, according to scholars, powerful states, like Russia and America, stock nuclear weapons to intimidate one another, but not really to attack one another (Rob erts, 2012, p. 156). Since military capabilities are muted, powerful nations use alternative strategies to â€Å"fight† one another. Such strategies include proxy wars. A proxy war is an indirect confrontation between nation-states. Such types of wars involve the use of third parties to â€Å"fight† major wars. Such third parties may be allied countries, mercenaries, or non-state actors. Ideally, countries pursue this strategy when they do not want to engage in a full-blown conflict. Many countries have used this strategy, successfully. For example, this strategy characterized the cold war period when both Russia and the US could not engage each other directly in a full-blown war. Because America and Russia cannot engage in an open war, both countries have fought proxy wars on different fronts. The earliest proxy war was the Greek civil war where Russia and America aligned their troops on different sides. On one hand, Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria supported Russia in its quest to cement communist rule in Greece (Carabott Sfikas, 2004, p. 51). On the other hand, America and other western allies opposed this quest. The latter managed to win the war by repelling communist rebels away from Greece (Carabott Sfikas, 2004, p. 51). Both sides fought the communist war by funding and arming rebels to advance their ideological views. The same strategy emerged when Russia invaded Afghanistan. The US and other western allies supported the Mujahedeen regime of Afghanistan to repel Russian invasion by providing it with sophisticated weapons and financial support (Danforth Boeschoten, 2012, p. 56). The Lebanese civil war also demonstrated the same alignment of East and west political powers. Syria, Russia, and Palestine supported one wing of the rebels (Lebanese National Movement) and Israel and America supported the other protagonist, Lebanese Front, by providing it with military arsenal and financial support. Lastly, the Vietnam War is another example o f how Russia and the US engaged each other in a proxy war. On one side, the US and its western allies wanted to stop the communist aggression of a Vietnamese dictator on South Vietnam, while on the other side, China and Russia helped the Vietnamese dictator to repel American aggression (Lawrence, 2010, p. 170). Russia and China supplied Vietnam with military weapons that could repel air strikes and intimidate American forces. They also supported Vietnamese ground troops with weapons and financial support to wage war against America. The US and some of its western allies supported South Vietnam with the same financial and military strength. However, the US sent its ground troops to help South Vietnam stop communist aggression. Broadly, the war was a bold attempt by America and other anti-communist regimes to stop the spread of communism in South Vietnam. The war also aimed to cement the American dominance in global politics. However, the communist regime managed to win the war after French and American forces pulled out (Lawrence, 2010, p. 40). Consequently, the North Vietnamese government annexed South Vietnam and established it as part of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Such kinds of proxy wars have provided an avenue for America and other dominant world powers (notably, China and Russia) to flex their military muscles without attacking each other directly. Overall, since this paper establishes that the US cannot engage in open wars with its enemies, economic warfare has emerged as the practical strategy for the US to control its hegemonic power in global politics. Indeed, the growing importance of commercial interests in the global political arena highlights the low likelihood that any serious global war would occur. This fact stems from the negative relationship that wars share with commerce. The rise and prominence of commercial interests in the global business arena mean that the commercial gains of countries working together override the need to plund er, steal, and destroy. China and the US share deep commercial interests with each other. Some of the commercial interests shared by both countries are vital to the sustenance of their economies. Therefore, it would be unlikely that both countries would engage in a war that would override these commercial interests. Globalization therefore explains the difference between the likelihood of countries to engage in war during early years, and today’s low likelihood of countries to participate in similar wars. Nonetheless, the control of oil flow to China is one economic strategy that the US has used to protect its position as the global hegemonic power. The fact that China needs oil to support its economic growth informs this strategy. This is because China’s economic growth largely supports its political power (Li, 2012, p. 5). This strategy has seen the participation of the US in several Middle East wars, such as the gulf war and the Iraq war, to protect its oil supply. Through these wars, the US has tried to ensure it controls the oil trade by ensuring a free oil flow to the US (Li, 2012, p. 5). The same objective informs its involvement in the Libyan revolution because it sought to control oil flow to China and other anti-western countries by creating a regime change. Through these examples, the politics surrounding the oil trade largely inform America’s attempts to control China’s global influence, by controlling the flow of oil to the Asian giant. However, statistics show that this strategy is failing to safeguard American interests because China has already surpassed the US as the largest crude oil importer from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) (Spegele, 2013, p. 2). China also leads the US as the main crude oil buyer in the Middle East. The sudden emergence of China as the largest crude oil importer in the world has created tensions in the Sino-American relations. Nonetheless, the use of alternative s trategies for solving power politics eliminates the idea that America would indulge in a full-blown war with its enemies. Conclusion Although this paper recognizes the importance of the offensive realism view and the power transition theory in understanding international relations, it is highly pessimistic about the possibility of the US attacking China, or any other emerging power, to maintain its dominance in global politics. The offensive realism theory maintains that the US would attack China to maintain its hegemonic power. However, based on the peace that has existed during (and after) the cold war, the validity of the offensive realism theory is questionable. Indeed, evidence shows that during this time, there was a peaceful transition of power in the world, without any war. In its place, the liberalism theory portrays a perfect picture of the current state of international relations because evidence shows that international relation is a complex issue. However, the realism t heory portrays a simplistic idea of such relations. This paper also shows that the complex relationships between American and Chinese commercial interests surpass the need for America to maintain its power through military means. Moreover, unlike the principles of the offensive realism theory, the existence of international institutions in international politics undermines the possibility of military wars. Certainly, international bodies, such as the WTO and NATO, not only ensure the economic coordination of different countries, but also their coordination in security issues. Since there is little chance that America could attack China to maintain its hegemonic power, proxy wars are the main methods that America uses to maintain its dominant position in international politics. The Vietnam War, Afghanistan war, and the civil war in Greece are only a few examples that show how America has struggled to maintain its hegemonic power in global politics. The existence of proxy wars therefo re show that military strategies are not the only effective strategies for maintaining power. The existence of alternative strategies for maintaining power therefore appears to be the only effective strategies that America could use to maintain its hegemonic power. Indeed, its attempts to control the flow of oil resources to China define how the US intends to stop Chinese dominance. Furthermore, wars are expensive and it would take a lot of money (and other resources) to sustain a war, especially with an equally powerful country, such as China. Overall, this paper shows that the probability of a new world war between China and the US may never happen. References Buono, R., Lara, J. (2007). Imperialism, Neoliberalism and Social Struggles in  Latin America. New York, NY: BRILL. Carabott, P., Sfikas, P. (2004). The Greek Civil War: Essays on a Conflict of  Ã‚  Exceptionalism and Silences. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Crawford, R. (2013). Idealism and Realism in Internat ional Relations. London, UK: Routledge, Danforth, L., Boeschoten, R. (2012). Children of the Greek Civil War: Refugees  and the Politics of Memory. Illinois, CH: University of Chicago Press. Jackson, R., Sà ¸rensen, G. (2012). Introduction to International Relations: Theories  and Approaches. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. King, M.D. (2008). Factoring Environmental Security Issues Into National Security  Threat Assessments: The Case of Global Warming. New York, NY: ProQuest. Kruse, K., Tuck, S. (2012). Fog of War: The Second World War and the Civil  Rights Movement. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Lawrence, M. (2010). The Vietnam War: A Concise International History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Li, M. (2012). An Age of Transition: The United States, China, Peak Oil, and the  Demise of Neoliberalism. Web. Mearsheimer, J. (2007). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York, NY: Cram101 Incorporated. Roberts, P. (2012). Cuban Missile Crisis: The Esse ntial Reference Guide. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Spegele, B. (2013). Middle East Oil Fuels Fresh China-U.S. Tensions. Web. SPKN (2013). Theories of International Relations. Web. Steiner, M. (2012). History and Neorealism. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Stern, S. (2012). The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus  Reality. Stanford, CA: University Press. Wirtz, J., Fortmann, M. (2004). Balance of Power: Theory and Practice in the 21st  Century. Stanford, CA: University Press. Wunderlich, J. (2007). Regionalism, Globalisation and International Order: Europe  and Southeast Asia. Burlington, VA: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. This research paper on The new pattern of competitions and the probability of war among powerful states was written and submitted by user Tamia Jefferson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ian Lemke - Compare and Contrast free essay sample

Compare Contrast In 1848, Cady Stanton gave her Declaration of Sentiments, pleading for the right to vote and fair treatment to be given to women, which was promised already in 1776. While the country was still young, John Adams wite, Abigail wrote him a letter requesting the rights of women be Included In the document he was having written. This was the Declaration of Independence. 30th of these selections have a common goal: they are being written with the purpose to gain women more rights. Even though they were written with the same purpose in mind, they are very different. The mood and layout of the articles are completely different, not to mention they had completely separate audiences Despite the obvious differences, they both hit home with their intended audiences. Abigail wrote her letter tor her husband alone. Him being a delegate to the First conunental congress, she had hopes In mind that she could give women the rights they deserve, that she could raise the status of women by leaving an impact on the founding document of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Ian Lemke Compare and Contrast or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Using threats of rebellion, she asked him to Remember the ladies, and be more generous and avorable to them than your ancestors. Stanton, author of the Declaration of Sentiments, wanted to influence the opinions and gain support among the public as well as the leading government officials. Not solely expecting to win the tight tor equality, she had hoped she would make enough of an Impact that people would hear her voice and fight for a change in political structure. She fought for a change in the legal status of women. Using powerful statements like Women are civilly dead, as theyre denied voting privileges, and that marriage deprives women of their ndependence, she got a lot of attention and support from all sorts of places. ntortunately, despite their pleads being heard by the nation, it wasnt enough. Theres a big difference between being heard and making a difference, which they regrettably found out. They tried their best, and clearly left their mark on history but It took another 72 years before women were given their basic rights and freedoms. The saddest part is theres still prejudice everywhere you go , all we can do is keep fighting for a positive change and hope it comes soon!

Cameron Greer Essays - United States, Free Essays, Term Papers

Cameron Greer Essays - United States, Free Essays, Term Papers Cameron Greer 03 Oct 2016 Intro to Political Science Professor Baptist Presidential Debate 26 Sep 2016: Analysis Throughout the first presidential debate this year there was a lot of information covered. There was also a lot of questions avoided . To me, Mr. Trump was not prepared for the debate. He tended to answer around a lot of questions that asked for specific policy. The ones that were most obvious were how he planned to stop police shootings of African-American s , and how to improve the black community. He solely responded by stating we need "Law and Order" which is an extremely vague policy that provides little to no help for the black community. When Mr. Trump was asked about how he will increase jobs, as well as his entire economic plan he stated some policies that were questionable. First , he said that he would stop companies from leaving the U.S. He believes that if we tax companies hard when they import their goods into the United States that they will not want to leave, thus creating more jobs for Americans. In my opinion, I believe it is a good idea to tax companies when they import goods into the U.S. and thought this policy is not a bad idea. Trump then mentioned that he wants even more tax cuts for the wealthy so that they can expand their companies and provide more jobs. Now, I do not believe this policy is smart, because greed is a factor and the company will most likely keep the money at the top. Over many years, it has shown that majority of the money stays with in the heads of the companies and not with the working and middle class. To move on to the next point, Mr. Trump was asked about cyber security and our national security as a whole. He stated that, as far as cyber security, that we should be better than anyone else at technology and that we need to use our technology to take threats out. I am not sure what he meant by this but it just another slew of vague statements made by Mr. Trump during the debate. He also talked about how we need to use NATO to take out ISIS and that other countries in NATO need to pay us. I agree that NATO can be used as a coalition force to take out ISIS, and that it would be much easier this way. As far as other countries paying us, at this point in time I don't believe it is that big of a deal. Lastly , he mentioned the Iran deal and how bad it was. I personally believe it was a good deal because, although it was temporary, something needed to be done. Mrs. Clinton to me was very poised and prepared for all questions and rebuttals from Mr. Trump. When asked about her policy for creating jobs and improving the economy she was more detailed in her plan. She started by saying that we need to have an economy that works for everyone not just the upper class . Also, that we need to focus on infrastructure, energy, small business and raising minimum wage the most to create more jobs. As it pertains to the economy, she has a plan that closes corporate loop holes and focuses on making in an investment in the economy where everyone can and will have the opportunity to grow. I generally agreed with Mrs. Clinton's policies about the economy. She really talked about improving and placing a re-emphasis on the middle class. Now, when she was asked about cyber security and our national security she had similar answers to Mr. Trump. She also stated that we should have a greater capacity online to defeat ISIS and other hackers around world attacking our databases. Also referring to ISIS, she believes we should use airstrikes and put a focus on taking out their leaders. I could not agree more with Mrs. Clinton that we need to take out ISIS leadership and make it our priority. As it pertains to NATO, she agrees with Mr. Trump that they should put more focus on terror. However, she

Midnights Children of Colonial Empires Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Midnights Children of Colonial Empires - Essay Example The British had lost America in the Revolution and they clung to India with all .their might and cunning. Many of the men in power believed that imperialism was a natural part of human struggle for survival in which the fittest emerged rulers. In other words, they believed that the white Europeans, being endowed with' superior qualities' had all the right to rule others. The European powers had a sense of moral superiority as the Industrial Revolution had brought them previously unheard of prosperity. They also needed a market for the goods they produced. Prosperity had whetted their appetites and they had developed taste for exotic goods .There was a fierce competition between European nations to go ahead of others and conquer farther territories. The hunger for empire building was such that many times they resorted to barbaric means .King Leopold of Belgium unleashed a reign of terror in Congo which he deemed to be his private property. The people in charge, like the clerk Clive of the East India Company, amassed huge fortunes by exploiting the local population. The Europeans brought Christianity to the conquered lands, and tried to root out the old traditions. The British empire was the largest of the European empires, and 'the jewel in the crown' was India .In spite of the might of the greatest empire in history, India gained her independence in 1947, after almost two centuries of British rule, without the use of force or violence, but became the heir to the colonial legacy of division left by the British.. "Midnight's Children" is a seminal work by Salman Rushdie, written in the style of Indian oral story telling, which explores the experiences of various characters in colonial and post - colonial India .It is the story of Saleem Sinai who was born on the midnight of 14th August 1947 exactly at the time when India became independent. The story spans some three generations, beginning with Dr. Aadam Aziz who came to Agra from the Kashmir valley with his family. Of his three daughters , one marries Sinai and another , Zulfikar and emigrates to Pakistan. Beginning with the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre, the story goes on to the frenetic days before the Transfer of Power in India and the days that followed. In a style reminiscent of the Arabian Nights the book recounts the story of some of the children born on that fateful midnight. It touches upon the formation of Bangla Desh. The reader gets a glimmering of the legacy of colonialism. To continue in power, the colonial rulers used every means, even killing without provocation., as in the infamous Jallianwala Bag Massacre. . On the 13th April 1919, a British officer named General Dyer entered an enclosed compound in Amritsar where thousands of Indians had gathered for a peaceful protest against the British ,and opened fire on the unarmed men, killing and maiming hundreds of people. .Rushdie begins his book with this incident. "They have fire a total of one thousand six hundred and fifty rounds into the unarmed crowd. Of these , one thousand five hundred and sixteen have found their mark."(Rushdie 41) Rushdie describes the sound of the gunfire evocatively-"There is a noise like teeth chattering in winter". (Rushdie 41) After the massacre, there was approval for Dyer's action in the House of Lords. This incident rang the death knell for the empire

Different subject Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Different subject - Essay Example The working of Electricity generators is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The principle can be illustrated as induction of flow of electrons by a moving conductor in a field influenced by magnet. This it is a simple principle that leads to major achievements in the spectrum of development and growth of industries. It is the principle that Faraday succeeded to prove that a rotary mechanical motion can induce or generate electricity. Devices that produce electricity with the help of mechanical motion are termed as electric generators. The mechanical motion can be assisted in many ways it can be pressurized water moving water wheel, steam engine, wind turbine, and internal combustion engine etc but the basic principle is same in all the cases. With the evolution of electric generators and electrical field, many areas of human life are optimized in best manner; anything can be powered anytime with utmost customization potential. The reverse process of converting elect rical energy into mechanical energy is achieved through motors that have similar components as in electric generators. Mechanism and Principle of Working All elements are composed of atoms. ... If the same metallic wire is placed around a magnetic field and the magnetic field is subjected to motional variation then some amount of voltage appear across the wire that causes the electric charges to flow through the passage. The faster the field is subjected to change the higher the voltage produced and higher the charges flow. This means a moving magnetic field drives the electrons present in the metallic wire. However there is a requirement that the circuit of the wire remains closed if incase the circuit is open the motion of magnetic field will not affect the charges and charges will remain static. This simply means that a moving magnetic field can induce current in a closed circuit, and this is the basic principle of physics that is discussed earlier as electromagnetic induction. In the case of generators there is not a single wire but there are bunch of wires all connected in series with each other so that the total potential difference induced in a generator is the sum o f all potential differences induced in each single wire and so on. It actually explains that if there are thousand windings this means the magnitude of potential difference of a generator is thousand times than that of a single wire in that varying magnetic field. The above discussed mechanism is of popular and known generators, which are based on electromagnetic induction, however before that there were generators that deliver electric charges but they work on the principle of electrostatic induction, but since the magnitude of such electrostatic generators were minimal and ineffective therefore the usage of such generators are now obsolete. Electrostatic induction is about generating static charge in a conductor by bringing it

Types Of Supporting Materials Essay Example for Free

Types Of Supporting Materials Essay In this time and age, there is a rampant increase of price of oil which we all knew one our primary needs in our daily lives. This sudden augment of cost was set to give a bulk of changes in the lives of our fellowmen. This most controversial issue indeed affects a lot of people worldwide. Several crisis of price hike follows due to the chain of expenses brought about by this major instance of oil increase. To explore more about this issue of increase of charges, it is imperative to hear something from the experts to know what’s behind this phenomenon as well as how we can cope with these tremendous changes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interviewing the head of the energy board, it is essential to know what is behind the circumstance of increasing the cost of gasoline and us to what extent we can prevent it. Do those in authorities can do something about this tremendous occurrence? Does the at hand clamor of election can cause a huge impact to the said ordeal? These were some of the queries that need to shed beam on to enlighten the minds of every people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As we negate with the expert, it is imperative to have a grip with the supporting materials to be able to have a successful interview session as well as to have in depth analysis towards the matter. Considering the common knowledge which is the â€Å"commonly shared beliefs or values of an audience and sometimes called social knowledge† we can start by asking the expert what is something in this oil phenomenon which make people in the realm endure? Having a grasp on observable facts, we could ask the spokesman also on how such dilemma affects the lives of the people. In support to the knowledgeable facts that was being shared by the expert, it is important also to keep the conversation documented by means of statistics or even graphical representation of studying the crisis which brought a colossal impact in the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indeed, the testimony that the person in charge who shared his knowledge deeply make clear to us with what we are experiencing at a moment, and truly this will serve as our guide to act in response to this increase of prices which caused hardships to some of us.

The elementary forms of religious life

The elementary forms of religious life The elementary forms of religious life Introduction: Through his critical look at the most primitive religion, his epistemological inquiries into the genesis of thought, and his attempt to theoretically account for the functional and universal nature of all religions, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life has proven to be a seminal work both in the academic study of religion, sociology and social theory. Arguing ultimately that religion is the symbolic expression of society and social experience, Durkheim revolutionized the academic study of religion with his original and insightful approach.[1] I will begin with a brief recap of the argument laid out in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, which will be followed by a discussion of the implications it has on the study of religion. Finally, I will discuss some of the major critiques of his theoretical approach and argument. Argument: Durkheim believes that in order to explain religion, we must identify its most primitive form (3). The fundamental elements which are found in primitive religion are closer and more related to the initial motives that caused religious actions (9). These elements provide the objective content through which we can understand all religions (7). Religion is defined as a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart by prohibitions-beliefs and practices that unite adherents to a single moral community called a church (46). The most elementary form must satisfy this definition. For Durkheim, the two leading conceptions of the most elementary form of religion were animism and naturism. They attempt to explain what causes man to experience the sacred. Animism claims man experiences the sacred because of the misinterpretation of his dreams. This misinterpretation generates the notion of souls that are part of a separate reality (61). Naturism claims man feels a sacred reality because of the extraordinariness of natural phenomena (68). These theories suggest that mans idea of the sacred is a delirious interpretation because there is nothing inherently sacred about man or nature (76). However, it is a basic postulate of sociology that a human institution cannot rest on error or falsehood or it could not endure (4). This means that any conception of an elementary religion must account for the sacred as a real force. Durkheim goes on to assert that there must be a religion even more primitive then animism and naturism which is able to explain where the force of th e sacred actually comes from. This religion is totemism (77). Totemism is most evidently found in primitive Australian tribes. The most important feature of these tribes is their division into clans (88). Each clan has a totem, which is its distinguishing feature. The totem is represented in the form of a plant or animal to which the clan has a special relationship. This totem, which is the identity of the clan, also has a religious character because of its prominent use in religious ceremonies (96). This totem is central to the clan because things are classified as sacred and profane in relation to the totems religious character (96). The negative cult of totemism uses prohibitions and taboos regarding the totem to keep the sacred and profane separate (221). For instance, there are prohibitions on eating the totemic animal except during religious rituals. Also, women and uninitiated are prevented from coming into contact with sacred objects. These prohibitions are necessary because of the contagiousness of the sacred (237). Sacred objects are contagious because they confer sacrality to the things they touch. This suggests that some type of force resides in sacred objects. This force, or mana, was the object of the clans worship, not the animal or plant of the clan (147). The positive cult of totemism uses ritual to put man in organized contact with this sacred force (221). In these rituals clan members gather together in large numbers. This is in contrast to the ordinary and monotonous experience the clan member has in which he exists more or less independently from others. When all the clan members come together their proximity generates a kind of electricity that quickly transports them to an extraordinary degree of exaltation (162). This collective effervescence takes man outside himself to the point that he feels he has been transported into a special world entirely different from the ordinary (164). When he calms down from this excitement he is left to believe that he exists in two completely separate realities: his daily life and his religious life (164). These two realities are essentially the profane and the sacred respectively. To understand how this collective effervescence gets its power we must understand the way in which the categories o f knowledge are constructed by society. For Durkheim, one leading theory of knowledge was empiricism which claims man constructs the categories of knowledge of time, space, genus, cause, number (etc.) exclusively from his individual experience (15). This is not valid because it does not explain how people from the same culture have identical notions of time and space, etc. The second leading theory, apriorism, solves this problem by claiming man inherits the categories of knowledge from a divine reason existing prior to his experience (16). There is no proof this divine reason exists. Moreover, it does not explain why the categories of thought vary within cultures. This implies, for Durkheim, that man gets his categories from society (13). Further evidence suggests this is the basic category of knowledge. Genus, the notion that similar objects belong to the same group, can be modeled from mans experience of his relationship to society. After all, a genus is indeed an ideal yet clearly defined grouping of things with intern al bonds analogous to the bonds of kinship (114). There were as many divisions of space as there were divisions of clans within the tribe (13). In addition, man had a sense the clans were all interdependent and formed a unified whole the tribe. It is this reason why mans classifications represented a complete set of categories through which everything could be accounted. The categories of knowledge are the most basic types of collective representations and are informed by the collection of individual representations. However, when these individual representations are translated into collective representations they take on a new character: going from personal to impersonal. These collective representations outlive the individuals which contributed to them and gain a high degree of depth and complexity. They form a framework for reason that is infinitely richer and more complex then that of the individual and goes beyond the range of empirical knowledge (18). These categories establish the reality of society that is sui generis, or completely unique. Man is unable to think without using the concepts he inherits from his society. This means man naturally transcends himself when he thinks and when he acts. He elevates himself beyond his individual experience and into the collective reality of society. When man feels the sacred from the collective effervescence it is this social reality he experiences. It is his feeling of being part of something greater than himself. When man feels this force he is unable to attribute a concrete cause, so he represents it externally through objects which he considers sacred. These sacred objects are at the heart of religion and ultimately express society. Implications and Critique: Essential to Durkheims theory is the dichotomy between the sacred and profane and how the practices relating to his religious categories effect the social world. Of further importance is his argument that (contrary to other theories of religion that argue it being centered around magic, superstition or a philosophical error) religion is a real social fact. As such, he argues: Our entire study rests upon the postulate: that this unanimous feeling of believers across time cannot be purely illusory we admit that these religious beliefs rest upon a specific experience whose demonstrative value is, in one sense, not one bit inferior to that of scientific experiments, though different from them (312). In regards to the elementary religion Durkheim studies, he concludes that it is the religious activity that allows individuals within the tribe to understand themselves as collective. Further, it is the religious activity that serves to symbolize the social order with the totemic figure as an objective representation of their own society. Through the conscious repetition of various myths and rituals, a real sense of social unity and collective sentiments for tribal members was fostered (through the collective effervescence). This, in turn, works to strengthen and continually reestablish the social connections within the group. As an institution, understanding religion as having the authority to both command and garner compliance and awe is a unique concept in and of itself. Understanding religion as the symbolic expression of society is an original and path-breaking idea that has deeply influenced several academic fields and the direction of scholarly thought. As religion is a social fact, the objective entity behind religious symbolism and ritual can thus be understood as society (and not God). While I will return to this point, one must note that this idea would be intensely controversial for the religionist, as it implies that the individual participating in rituals is (at the very root) mistaken with regards to the objective phenomenon he is worshiping. When considering what Durkheim has done for the theoretical approach to defining and explaining religion, we can see his original approach to the social nature of religion as most telling. Before Durkheim, theoretical approaches to religion mainly focused on the individual and his understanding and philosophy of life or the interpretation of his reality (such as that of Otto, James or other phenomenologists). Durkheims work further shed light on the social role religion plays in organizing societies. By claiming that religions (a)ll are true in their own fashion and all answer though in different ways to the given condition of human existence Durkheim steered clear of questions of absolute truth (and theistic definition) which is ultimately beneficial for those interested in the comparative study of religion. While Durkheims theory has been one of the most influential in the study of religion, it has been susceptible to various criticisms. For instance, while he worked to counteract previous theories and positivistic approaches to religion, one can see such elements in his own definition. If Durkheim is indeed right, then the individual participants in rituals and religious ceremonies are mistaken, since the actual object of worship is something other than they are aware of. If we listen to Durkheim, we must believe that his scientific methods (and his particular methodology/theoretical approach) is on a higher plan with regards to accuracy, as it his methods which clarify the actual object of worship for the believer. Thus, the main theory of Durkheim has been attacked by those who believe he is reducing religion to something other than it is by claiming that it is the symbolic expression of society. This criticism inevitably leads to ones that are aimed at attacking Durkheims neglect for the subjective value of religious experience. In Durkheims theoretical view, the individual subjective experiences with sacred reality is only important with regards to its social utility (with respect to the feelings the collective effervescence engenders). This type of approach is in direct opposition to a theorist like Otto or James. With regards to his evidence for the most primitive form of religion (and his general belief that one could understand a complex phenomenon by finding and examining the phenomenon in its simplest form) is also quite questionable. As illustrated by the analyses of Clifford Geertz, one must note that it is difficult enough to interpret ethnographic findings when one is deeply immersed in the society. Since Durkheim himself did not participate in the ethnographic study (and never actually witnessed the culture), suspicious immediately rises (particularly as his argument hinges on the material). In The Interpretation of Cultures, Geertz states: The notion that one can find the essence of national societies, civilizations, great religions, or whatever summed up and simplified in so-called typical small towns and villages is palpable nonsense. What one finds in small towns and villages is (alas) small-town or village life. If localized, microscopic studies were really dependent for their greater relevance upon such a premise -that they captured the great world in the little- they wouldnt have any relevance (Geertz, 1973). The representations of religion can be seen as collective representations expressing a collective reality. Durkheimian thought points to the social nature of religion. While there are some criticisms, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life has proven to be immensely influential, both with regards to the theory of religion as well as a variety of other fields. In Geertzian terminology, then, one can see that Durkheim may be imposing his own contextual period (culture, history, scientific method) wrongly. How is Durkheim interpreting this evidence and is he correcting them with regards to his more advanced worldview? Conclusion: [1] If religion generated everything that is essential in society, this is because the idea of society is the soul of religion.

5 Important School and Statutory Framework Essay

Thousands of Muslims were becoming followers of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji. Khawaja Raushan was a very respected Muslim Faqir with thousands of people visiting him to pay him respect and get boons. However Khawaja Raushan’s own mind was restless, he was in search of a true Guru. Once a friend told him about Guru Ji, Khawaja Raushan reached Kiratpur and met Guru JI. When he heard Guru Ji’s he was so impressed that he decided to stay at Kiratpur. He became an admirer of Guru Sahib; he started doing Seva of Guru Ji’s horses. One day Guru Ji went out for riding his horse, Khawaja Raushan ran behind Guru Ji in Bairag. See more: Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech Essay He ran more than a mile after Guru Ji, who then dismounted his horse and embraced Khawaja Raushan with great love. Guru Ji then gave Khawaja Raushan Charan Amrit and Naam as well as spiritual Gian and sent him to Doaba to preach Sikhi.Khawaja Raushan was going from one village to another for preaching Sikhi, one day he met Sayyad Jaani Shah who was wandering in search of bliss. Jaani Shah had met many Sadhus and Faqirs but could not get spiritual Gian from anyone. Khawaja Raushan told him he should go to Kiratpur to achieve your aim. Firstly Jaani Shah did not believe him but when Khawaja Raushan told his story he was determined to go. When he reached Kiratpur and sat in front of the door of Guru Ji’s house and cried loudly â€Å"Janni Ko Jaani Milaa Do (Let Jaani meet his dear one )†.

The effect of a net economy

In order to arrive at a better understanding of what a net-economy is and how it stresses the relevance of software, it is first important to discuss the concept of a net-economy.   Net-economy is basically defined as a digital network that allows for the transfer of information from one source to another.This transfer has a value that then creates its own economy that takes advantage of the different electronic platforms that exist between parties.   It is also an economy that takes advantage of the development of information technology.   This brief discourse shall attempt to highlight the relevance of software in this growing economy and how it has changed the way by which business is conducted by shifting from people based focus to software dependent methods.The effect of a net economy can be seen clearly through the impact that the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry has had on certain economies.The reason for this is that BPOs have opened up the world markets and has shown that, according to Friedman, there really is a flat world that allows the factors of production, in this instance information, to flow from one part of the world to another.   In his book entitled The Flat World, Friedman has cited the information exchange and the net-economy as one of the major forces that is currently changing the way businesses are run on a global level.This recognition of the net-economy has now stressed the importance of software to its success.   As Friedman elaborates, the impact of this is that software or the means through which information is transferred becomes more important than the people.The success of the net-economy is now dependent on the speed and velocity by which information can be processed from the source to the market.   Presently, most of the companies that are based in 1st World Countries that are engaged in IT require specialized talent, which can be found in other developing countries, in order to function.The depletion of talented individuals and workers is now forcing these companies to search for the required technical assistance in other talent rich countries located outside of the developed countries such the United States, such as India and China.   Without software, there is no way by which this information or talent can be accessed, it becomes increasingly important, therefore, to ensure that there is enough software to support the net-economy.The main contribution or impact that software has had with regard to the economic aspect is that the net-economy has greatly increased the relative wages that individuals now receive with those engaged in the IT sector earning relatively more in the present than ever.The salary range for programmers in other countries is significantly lower than that of most developed countries with a higher standard of living and therefore even by relocating the entire business process to other countries and factoring in the movement costs and expenses, the companies that resort to outsourcing still save more than they would if they chose to continue all business operations in the developed countries.This means that people as a cost of doing business is a factor that can be changed and is now variable.   This also signifies that software development is quite integral to this process because it allows businesses to relocate the variable factors without a decrease in productivity.In a very serious, competitive environment, companies have to concentrate on their core competency and they want to outsource everything and reduce cost and therefore the world is seeing the trend toward offshore outsourcing increasing.As technology continues to improve and the business world becomes more and more competitive, the growing role of a net-economy becomes crucial.   Yet in order for the net-economy to take full advantage of the situation it needs to lay the infrastructure for such which lies in the information technology development and software.The prom ise of increased velocity for information transfer between business units and lower costs can only be achieved with the establishment and creation of this technology backbone.   Therefore, while people, as a business resource, are important, in a net-economy the key to survival and to remaining competitive lies in the software.

Writing on Point Argumentative Essay on Microeconomics

Writing on Point Argumentative Essay on Microeconomics To recap what we have learned throughout our guides, we first discussed 10 facts for on point argumentative essay on microeconomics, where you learned 10 credible pieces of evidence on microeconomics, helpful for   composing your argumentative essay. Along with the facts, you must have also gone through the seven references, which can be used to explore the issues in detail. On the other hand, we also discussed 20 microeconomics essay topics in our second guide, which must have helped you choose particular subject/topic on which you can start writing immediately. You must also have gone through our sample essay, which, we bet, you have found informative. Apart from that, we’ve also included references that you may use later for more research. However, this final guide is something else. Here, we are not going to discuss microeconomics, but how you can spiff up your argumentative essay and make it exemplary – leaving your teacher or professor under strong impression. With that said, let’s get started: Composing an Argumentative Essay The best technique not to waste your time looking at the blank document is to put together an outline of the argumentative paper you’re going to write. To do this, you need to know that an argumentative essay is comprised of four main sections: Introduction First Body (Where You Develop Your Argument) Second Body (Where You Refute Opponent’s Arguments) Conclusion Here is how you would want to outline your argumentative essay: Writing an Intro Composing an introduction can be daunting if you don’t have an idea what a â€Å"hook† is all about. A â€Å"hook† technically means that you’re going to capture the attention of the reader, making him/her sure that your essay is worth checking out. This hook should be placed in the first two-three lines of your introduction. Afterward, you should keep the reader interested in reading your essay by sharing the context of the topic. In this background part, you would want to share the essence of the issue: who cares about it, where this issue may be prevalent, and its significance. Adding Your Thesis Of course, the main â€Å"component† of your essay is a thesis statement, which should be placed in the end of the intro section. Make a statement that shows that you’ve made a stance on the argument. The thesis should also include the claims that you will be discussing later in the essay. But there is no need to consider the evidence here. Writing the First Part of the Main Body In this first part of your essay’s body, you would want to focus yourself on the statements (or arguments) that you’re going to make related to the microeconomics topic. These statements are known as claims. But claims alone aren’t deemed credible, which is why you will support them with evidence and sources agreeable   with your claims. Depending on your topic, you can have either one claim or multiple. Writing the Second Part of the Main Body Actually, the real action happens here. Since the argumentative essay is about having a debate with your opponent, you’ll do just that in this part of the body. Try to perceive the viewpoints of your opponents, and then refute them, in a convincing way, supported by substantial evidence, which cannot be overthrown. In this kind of essay, anyone with different views is your opponent, even if we are talking about your readers. Writing a Conclusion Once you have refuted your opponent’s view, it’s time to conclude your essay. In this section share the importance of your issue, and how your statement can be implemented to improve the world of microeconomics. It’s also recommended to draw   a picture of the world now and later, when your changes are implemented, which really convinces the reader in your competency. Final Words Of course, it’s not a good idea to submit your essay without proofreading and editing. We recommend you to proofread the content at least twice, and add/subtract the parts you are not sure in. To do that, perceive your essay as your teacher/professor would and you will be able to criticize your own work. With all these materials you don’t have excuses left, so start writing immediately!

5 Study Habits You Should Develop in College

5 Study Habits You Should Develop in College Studying isn’t the most fun thing you’ll ever do at college (that spot is reserved for Ultimate Star Wars Strip Poker). Still, if you haven’t learned how to study by the time you’ve made it this far into your educational career, you may be in big trouble. Statistics from the U.S. News and World Report say that as many as 3 out of 10 college freshman will drop out due to poor grades during their first year. In order to keep yourself from becoming a statistic, you need some study hacks. That’s why we’ve compiled the 5 best and most productive study habits you can develop before its too late. Remember, having a worry-free semester of straight A’s is much more fun than failing out and missing your calling as a Jedi Poker Master. Skip the Highlighting, Summarizing, and Mental Imagery Although these are things you’ve been taught to do since you were small, research published in Psychological Science in the Public Interest basically calls your 4th grade teacher a liar. The research says that things like highlighting texts, summarizing texts, and mental imagery of facts are some of the least effective study habits you can pick up. Other things to avoid are re-reading texts and using word mnemonics to memorizing a new language. Go the Distance The best studying is done in small bursts over a longer period of time. So, instead of cramming for an exam just before it hits, study in small increments every day. Not only is this easier on your schedule (you don’t have to give up a whole night of sleep), but you will retain the information longer, as well. Use Technology to S.O.A.R The recent study published in The Journal of Educational Psychology highlighted that technology is only as good as your study habits. Students who are using their computers to reread articles or drill information perform half as well as students who are using their technology to synthesize material in new ways. The author of the study, Ken Kiewra, says that the best students use the S.O.A.R method: Select key lesson ideas. Organize information with comparative charts. Associate ideas to create meaningful connections. Regulate learning through practice. Although this sounds like a lot of work, it’s actually not. By thinking more critically about your information through comparisons and connections, and incorporating small daily study sessions, you are building a neural network for your new information that allows you to access it quickly whenever you need it. Turn Off the Music While you might think that you study better with the music on, there is significant research that shows it can impair your recall of the topic you’re studying. Nick Perham, a professor at the University of Wales Health Sciences School, completed research that showed music – whether you like it or not – impairs your ability to remember even simple things. And, although music with fewer chord and musical variations (like classical music) impair memory less than Grunge Metal, neither is as effective as studying in a quiet place. Mix it Up This applies not only to types of things you’re studying, but to location. Scientists found in the Psychological Science in the Public Interest study that students who change up the kinds of review questions they do perform better on exams. For example, they study a math problem, then follow it up with a psychology question. In addition, if you vary where you study when you do a new type of review, your brain will â€Å"anchor† the new information better. So, try the couch, then the table, then your bedroom. When it comes time to recall the information, your brain will have a better time if it can recall a unique place, time, or position you learned it in. Studying is a huge part of your college life, but it doesn’t have to take up all of your time. With a little good advice and a daily dose of studying, you can be acing all of your exams quicker than you think. Just make sure that you are avoiding the time-sucking activities that don’t work, and use your study sessions in a way that keeps your information memorable and easy to access. Can you think of some more useful study habits? Tell us! We want to hear from you!

Marketing Dynamics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing Dynamics - Essay Example This essay is developed in order to understand marketing dynamics of the green marketing and consumers. There are various consumer concerns which are impacting the decision making process and buying behaviour of consumers. Organisations need to understand these patterns in order to identify threats and opportunities and develop strategies according to that. There are various macro environmental factors which influence green consumer. These factors can be related to the infrastructure of the company, use and wastage of resources of the company, final product, recycle ness of the product and the work environment it has been providing to its employees. The case study in the paper analyses the Hewlett Packard efforts for the environmental and green marketing has created value for Hewlett Packard, industry and society as a whole. The efforts of Hewlett Packard company have been taken well by the stakeholder communities. It has been able to create a sustainable brand value through this. It took initiatives and efforts to gain attention of competitors and policy makers for the environmental friendly concerns. It is summed up that all its efforts have been focused toward its final consumer. The researcher also states that the focus of consumers has been toward the environmental and eco-sensitive factors as well along with the product and value a company offers for the price consumer is paying. The number of customers and consumer are increasing who are more aware and concerned about the environment.

Media Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Media Plan - Assignment Example A media objective states what the planner wishes to accomplish. It is usually specified in terms of the target audience, reach, and frequency. The target audience is often defined by demographics, product usage and psychographics. Reach refers to the unduplicated proportion of an audience that is exposed to a media schedule" (Advertising Media) "To establish optimum impact of your media plan through cost-value planning, you need to select media based on which outlets (stations, billboards, newspapers, etc.) Provide the greatest effectiveness". (Media Moves) Additionally, for an effective develop of Media Plan, there are three basic issue to be considered, namely; a public relation goal, that is to determining to you focus your effort and stay on track. Others include resource to explore and the timeline. Is to make provisions of increasing awareness about Neurological disease, a view to increase more awareness about it, and to state why there is need to re-launch Moribund Health Case Health Charity. It is also aim to create ways of encouraging the general public to participate more actively than hitherto, while to add that new membership is highly welcome, with stating of the importance of this charity act. Moreover, it is also aim to notify people that the disease is curable as long as people put hands on deck and ready to contribute in no small measure. Media Route: The media channels the ought to be explores in order to reach to the targets audiences should be through press releases, newspapers articles, Radio and television programs and jingle, including seminars and speaking engagement. Evaluation of the Campaign Additionally, we need to explore some channels through which we will ensure that this campaign is successful no matter the circumstances. We can make evaluation of it success through Additional Membership: When some individuals decided to join the crusade, and when after they join continue to participate actively, with due contributions toward the success of wiping away neurological condition entirely in UK Participation of the Media: This will also signifies it success, when media continue to propagate for more participation, including special programs that will encourage other individuals and group of individuals to join for the betterment of UK people. The Rates of Sufferers Decrease: One of the reasons of re-launching of Moribund is of the needs to reduce drastically the sufferers of neurological condition in UK, if not completely wipe away. Thus when assessment is made, and found that in few times to come the rates of the sufferers is reducing, it also serve as testimony of it success. Launching Campaign: There is a need to organize event where some sufferers will be invited and thus getting them introduce to people via television stations and tell people that the sufferers are also human being, and they have future hope. Therefore they needs other people support by joining the Charity movement and contribute immensely toward that. Promoting the re-launching needs media propagation, both television and radio by organizing special programs aiming to encourage viewers to sympathies and join the charity movement. There is also need to publish leaflet and