Police culture free essay sample

(Definition)The information, mentalities, desires, practices and customs that exist among police, or which all the more extensively, portray a police power. Police Culture influences: how police consider themselves to be their job as police †¢ how they see their general surroundings, how they police (how policing is performed). Contrasts exist inside and between police societies. Cops, as people, won't all similarly embrace or cling to the predominant police culture. Police culture can't be separated from the social, political, monetary, legitimate and hierarchical setting of policing. Police societies can change. Police Culture: Characteristics Sense of Mission: ‘the slight blue line’ A vital, perilous however difficult employment ,Not only an occupation, yet a lifestyle? †¢ Policing thought of as shielding the feeble from the solid (not in the slightest degree political, identifying with power inside society).? †¢ ‘Us versus them’ attitude apparent Law masters and law abiders versus culprits Action Orientated: ‘Real Policing’ Emphasis on ‘real policing’ as that which happens in the open circle and which includes perilous or conceivably hazardous circumstances and encounters. We will compose a custom exposition test on Police culture or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page ? (ie. reacting to reports of wrongdoing, strikes, shoot outs, vehicle interests, etc). Most noteworthy status connected to Homicide Squads and Tactical Response Units. Pessimism and Pragmatism Required to obey law, yet consider law to be constraining and innocent Must go past the law, to carry out their responsibility and get results. Favor practicality over fair treatment These qualities of police culture have been identified with different negative practices: Unlawful confinement? The inappropriate utilization of power? Breaks of legitimate meeting forms Corruption? Excusal of certain violations/casualties? Commission of certain offenses Isolation and Solidarity Feel not quite the same as others dependent on work and business related encounters. Feeling of disconnection heightened by issues associating with non-police because of others responses, troubles killing, move work. Nearest bonds produced with other police Very faithful to, and defensive of, different officials MasculinistDominance of masculinist points of view and practices. Reiner has depicted police culture as a ‘old †? molded universe of machismo’. ‘Real policing’ related with encounter, physical quality, risk Male-commanded arrangement of police powers has added to this. Bigotry Widely recorded proof of doubt, threatening vibe and bias in police dealings with racial and ethnic minorities. Confirm in notable occurrences (ie. Rodney King) through to ordinary policing rehearses. By and by halfway owing to recorded creation of police powers. Additionally identifies with their job following up for the benefit of states to direct racially-? based laws and approaches (isolation, evacuation of indigenous kids). 7. Conservatism? †¢ Social and politically preservationist. Accentuation after keeping up the state of affairs. By and by, incompletely a result of chronicled piece and job of police Approaches to policing and the network Number 9 Traditional Policing-(as created with ascent of current police powers). Network Policing (created over past 30, generally in light of concerns raised over the strategies and results of customary policing. ) Traditional Policing: Police seen as isolated from the network ,Role of the police is to react to wrongdoing. ,Police adequacy is estimated by changes in crime percentages and capture rates. Concerned basically with the policing of open circle, as opposed to private circle. Utilization of power is seen as genuine and important to ? protection of request †militarization of police over past 40 y ears with ascent of peace. Network Policing The improvement of network policing depended on acknowledgment that an absence of nature and regard among police and explicit networks in some cases brought about negative and harsh policing works on being utilized, and the cultivating of shared doubt and threat among police and networks. Youngsters,, gays and lesbians, indigenous individuals, ethnic and racial minorities perceived as especially influenced. What is Community Policing? No all around acknowledged meaning of network policing. As a way to deal with policing, it can best be depicted as comprising of an expansive scope of systems intended to improve policing by associating police all the more near nearby networks and supporting connections. Incorporates projects, for example, ? Neighborhood Watch ? Wrongdoing Stoppers Blue-light Discos School Education Programs Development of explicit network policing units The arrangement of Liaison Officers, (for example, YLOs/? MLOs ) and boards of trustees including police and network individuals . Formalized associations with other network offices? (for instance, rape and abusive behavior at home administrations, emergency vehicle administrations, government assistance administration). Change of strategies for managing A few sorts of offenses †SOCIT (Secual Offenses and Child Abuse Investigation Teams Increased police nearness, perceivability and accessibility (for instance, police on bikes, shop fronts) Use of media to include open in policing and wrongdoing avoidance Police arranging and facilitating exercises and projects †especially for youngsters, (for example, the Ropes Program) Police learning and exhibiting the ‘art of negotiation’ with troublesome gatherings Police taking an increasingly delicate/adjusted way to deal with policing Community Policing Compared to the customary way to deal with policing, network policing Aims to be all the more expert dynamic and pre-emptive. More worried about peacekeeping and compromise than wrongdoing battling? †¢ Based on complexities of nearby setting and on building connections Envisages police as a feature of the network and as waiting be responsive and liable to it. Network Policing: Benefits to Police Greater proficiency/progressively viable information, assembling Less upsetting/increasingly unsurprising Increased people group authenticity/bolster Increased people group ability to give data Increased obligation set on network job in wrongdoing battling Improved picture of police Community Policing Ideal Benefits Two route trade of social seeing Better reactions to wrongdoing and treatment of casualties Less protection from police/more noteworthy trust of police Less doubt/Greater familiarity with the social contrasts that may lead ? To false impressions ? Issues Increased police nearness observation (in any event, during exercises) Power lopsidedness still unblemished (and not tended to) thusly the amount of a ? veritable two-way trade is conceivable Police will in general spot more prominent desire for change on the network than ? on themselves †still consider the to be as the issue and appear to have ? trouble considering their own job Improves police picture more than substance Localized effects in general police approach culture still unblemished Perhaps ‘in impact various strategies to practice police position to the equivalent ends’? (Smith Reside 2009: 2) in Victoria as somewhere else, we see parts of the two ways to deal with policing being utilized. Network Policing: Critical Issues Police Culture ,The perseverance of moderate e police societies despite everything takes steps to subvert the significance and viability of network policing systems. Still a peril that they are not seen as ‘real policing’ and that the individuals who attempt network policing f unction’s are underestimated inside police powers. Police Discretion:? This alludes to the force cops practice in the exhibition of their obligation. Police persistently practice watchfulness each time they choose what they will do over the span of their obligations. Regularly there is impressive degree accessible to them to settle on decisions. Prudence might be practiced so rehearses fall inside the law, however it can likewise be practiced with increasingly negative outcomes. For instance, it can add to over-policing and under policing. Police culture is one of numerous variables that can influence how police practice their attentiveness. Network Policing: Critical Issues The Composition of Police Forces, The need to expand assorted variety in police powers (as far as sex, ethnic foundation, etc) by means of the selection of comprehensive enrollment systems keeps on being exist if police powers are to be intelligent of the networks they police. An absence of decent variety takes steps to sabotage network policing techniques. The pace and level of broadening changes between police powers, however is viewed as significant as a methods for balancing the negative parts of police culture and improving network police relations. Network Policing: Critical Issues Resource Issues Lack of satisfactory continuous financing †regularly programs are costly, depend on transient awards Difficulties in pulling in adequate volunteers? †¢ Lack of satisfactory preparing for enlist and police for the most part. Jude’s and judging (condemning) Number 10 PowerPoint What is Sentencing? Condemning alludes a particular stage in the criminal equity process. It is the point at which a punishment is resolved and passed on to a person who has either concede or been seen as liable of an offense by a court. In considering condemning, note that it is a piece of an a lot more extensive procedure and that it is influenced by what goes before it, just as what is foreseen as following on from it. Condemning stands among arraignment and the organization of discipline . Why Sentencing Matters There are two essential reasons: In condemning people, courts are practicing the intensity of the state. They can deny an individual their freedom, and in certain spots, can deny an individual of their life. Condemning is pivotal to the law

Romeo Character Analysis Essay free essay sample

Character Analysis Essay In the play Romeo amp; Juliet, Romeo will in general accuse predetermination and destiny for the entirety of his issues. In actuality, Romeos character is imperfect. He shows this through his activities in the play. At the point when he cherishes Juliet, he just shows a shallow love for her. He at that point loses his temper when Mercutio bites the dust and doesnt think before he proceeds to murder Tybalt. After he murders Tybalt, he cries that fortune experiences gotten him in difficulty. Romeo isn't a survivor of predetermination or destiny, he is basically a rash young person who has settled on awful choices. The first imperfection in quite a while character is his concept of adoration. At the point when he initially meets Juliet, he becomes hopelessly enamored with her in view of her looks. All through the play, he consistently demonstrates himself to be a young person after shallow fascination. He says about Juliet, Did my heart love till now? Renounce it, sight! For I never observed genuine magnificence till this night. We will compose a custom exposition test on Romeo Character Analysis Essay or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page (Act 1, Scene 5, Lines 52,53) As he is stating this, he is taking a gander at her just because. By him saying that he had never observed genuine excellence, he was demonstrating that the magnificence of a lady was what he was searching for. This character imperfection demonstrates that he isn't constrained by destiny, yet that he is an adolescent who has settled on poor choices. As a rash young person, Romeo experiences difficulty remaining calm and feelings. This outcomes in Romeo not thinking before he acts and slaughtering Tybalt as a result of Mercutios demise. He shows unpredictable indignation which he could have controlled, however rather drives him to execute his cousin-in-law. As he is coming toward Tybalt, he is angry. He hollers at him saying, Away to paradise, separate lenity and fire-peered toward wrath be my lead now. (Act 3, Scene 1, Lines 122,123) When Romeo says this, he is demonstrating that he can't remain calm. He winds up censuring fortune for the demise of Tybalt, yet it truly was his failure to control his activities. Despite the fact that he professes to be a casualty of predetermination of destiny, he is only a rash youth who has settled on poor options. Being a rash youngster, Romeo regularly turns out to be excessively passionate and surrenders asily. He demonstrated this after he had killed Tybalt. He whimpers and moans, O, I am fortunes fool. (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 135) He is hollering over his own activities instead of those of fortune. He at that point runs off to Friar Laurence to cry some more. At the point when the monk lets him know of the expulsion, he says, Tell me that I may sack the disdainful manor. By saying this to Friar Lau rence, he is surrendering and is prepared to end it all. The monk needs to help him to remember the beneficial things that have occurred in his life to prevent him from executing himself. This shows Romeos activities are not constrained by destiny, however his activities are coordinated by his energetic will. In the play Romeo amp; Juliet, Romeo has numerous young character blemishes. He shows that he possibly thinks about shallow fascination when he is searching for a spouse. In any event, when he weds Juliet, he despite everything shows rash character by losing his temper and executing Tybalt. He at that point proceeds to whimper over his ghastly life. Generally speaking, Romeo is a rash youth who has accused fate and destiny for his own character defects. Romeo Character Analysis Essay

Argumentative Essay Topics That Will Get Your Point Across

Argumentative Essay Topics That Will Get Your Point AcrossHave you ever come across argumentative essay topics that ended up turning out to be far too dense? Well, maybe you should have gone a little deeper when you wrote the essay in the first place. Are you saying that your topic should be less argumentative? Here are some ideas that may help you out.If you need to reach an audience, you may want to look at the topics that have been discussed the most on social media. What is it that makes these topics most compelling? You might be surprised by what you learn.One of the reasons that social media works well for argumentative essay topics is because the topics are so basic. The things that people talk about on social media are very basic and not very complex. You could put this information into one or two paragraphs, but you would miss the point if you did.Another thing that you could do is list your essay's subject matter in the third paragraph, as opposed to the first. In fact, you could just put the four pillars of your topic in the first paragraph. This way, you can get a good idea of what it is that you are trying to say.As far as examples of topics discussed on social media, try something like, 'The best subjects for this essay to cover our relationships and social media.' Now, that could make you feel like you were writing a thesis paper, but you would also be able to hit the points in one or two paragraphs. And you might even get a bigger picture.Remember, if you do your research ahead of time, you could probably just write a short article or a blog post about social media. Instead of doing all of your research in a single sitting, you can take your time. Do it over several days or even weeks.But if you're trying to pull off an argumentative essay, you will probably want to stick with one or two articles. If you are trying to write an essay that will be published, you should also think about taking time out to write this material up on paper. This will give you a better chance of making the subject matter interesting and clear. If you don't do this, you could end up coming across as flat and dull, not to mention lacking in arguments.If you don't have a good grasp on the basics of social media, perhaps the above suggestions will help you out. They will help you get a good grasp on your topic.

10 Ways For Make More Money Essay - 1160 Words

10 Ways to Make More Money in Business By Chet Holcomb | Submitted On October 12, 2005 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Don t you just love Paul Simon? The lyrics to his songs are not only pleasing to the ears, but can be inspirational. Imagine yourself enjoying the warm autumn sunlight while listening to Paul s song, 50 Ways to Leave your Lover. Now, stretch your imagination just a bit and think about how many Ways you can come up with for saving and/or making more money in business... The problem is all inside your head She said to me The answer is easy If you take it logically So, let s look at the problem logically for a minute. Here are four basic ways you can increase your profits: 1. You can charge more for your products or services. 2. You can sell more of your products or services to your existing clients. 3. You can find additional clients. 4. You can find ways to cut back on your business expenses. Slip Out the Back, Jack (Simple ways to save money): So, if you re on a shoestring budget (and who isn t these days?), then obviously you need to do everything you can to save as much money as possible, and make as much money as possible, as quicklyShow MoreRelatedQuestions On Article On Secrets By Sean M. Adams1501 Words   |  7 Pagesachieve financial freedom it is all about making more and more money. Once you have made some mysterious number instantly all will be better and you will; have all you ever wanted and everything will be right with the world. Unfortunately just making more money isn t enough to truly become financial freedom. 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But if the prices of different goods and services are changing by varying amounts, the way we weight the various prices matters for the overall inflation rate.) 3. Describe the three problems that make the consumer price index an imperfect measure of the cost of living. substitution bias Over time, some prices rise faster than others This is consumer substitution toward goods that have becomeRead More Time is Money Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTime is Money How do we get this adage of â€Å"time is money?† Some say that it came about in 1748 when Benjamin Franklin actually coined the term, â€Å"Time is money† when giving advice to a young tradesman (Pausch). Why did this concept of time being worth money come in to our culture? Time evolved into being worth money because it cost money to allocate time to activities other than work. Either you work and get paid or you partake in another activity and forgo your distribution of capital. 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In the list provided below I will provide four tips I will use to navigate my way around the possible financial peril that presents itself to each student. 1. Track it. According to Lucy LazaronyRead MoreWhy We Make Passive Income Work For You1469 Words   |  6 PagesDream: How To Make Passive Income Work For You Making money is a goal for nearly everyone, but some people are more inspired than others. If you re one of those people, you know, the one who thinks you can go further, earn more and eventually live the good life, then you need to consider achieving your financial aspirations through building a passive income. The following information will help you get there. 10 Potential Sources Of Passive Income For You There are countless ways to get startedRead MoreA Report On The Investment Property1065 Words   |  5 Pagessupermarkets nearby. Loan Payments If I bought this $299,000 property at a discount of 5% for a price of $284,050 and I paid 10% of that number for deposit then I would need $255,045 to loan. Over 20 years on monthly payments with the standard variable rate investment home plan I would need to pay $1791 per month or $896 per fortnight. Other Payments Other payments I would have to make is the stamp duty this will cost me $129.10 for the mortgage registration, transfer fee of $197.81 and a stamp duty ofRead MoreVerbal Persuasion and Body Language1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfeeling. So you pretend - you simulate interest, by keeping eye contact, nodding and sometimes smiling, all of which are not truthful messages about your feelings. Impression management is creating and controlling the way other people perceive you. You arrange your hair in a certain way, you walk in a different manner, you speak in a certain pitch or tonne of voice or even select the right clothes. You create a desired impression for certain situations- job interviews, a meeting with the dean or makingRead MoreNuclear Fusion And Space Based Solar Power1598 Words   |  7 Pagesenergy source for the future going to come from the sun. First of all, price makes everything more advanced and sorely to build or produce. Secondly, benefit shows the destiny of a product . Finally, â€Å"impact on the environment† is what people should to think about. The differences between nuclear fusion and space-based solar power highlight that Nuclear fusion is more useful, proving that scientists need to give more attention to developing this power system. For the beginning, price always stays

David Fletcher Case Study Essay - 1603 Words

Why did Fletcher’s first attempt to build a team fail? When the environment for portfolio management changed and as Fletcher began being overwhelmed with research, he sought to create a team of analysts that could assist him with his work. Fletcher failed to build this team on his first attempt as a result of several causes. There were multiple mistakes that Fletcher made that can be seen in his interactions with people. The first was his assistant Whitley which he had a close relationship with. Before Fletcher hired Doyle, he did it hastily without consulting Whitley. The lack of consent and thought for how he would fit into the company’s culture showed when tension grew between Doyle and Whitley. This led to unproductive work as†¦show more content†¦Even though this might have taken Fletcher more time to build his team, it could have been more effective in the long run if he hired analysts with less experience but more open thinking. An example of how this worked was with Whitley, who Fletcher molded into a portfolio ma nager. From a broader approach, issues can be seen in Fletcher’s management style. Not only was it disorganized, but he spent most of his time focusing on his work, not his team. This however was of course his nature. From The Five Minds of a Manager Fletcher did not display all of the managerial mindsets required to be successful. The most important was that he lacked the collaborative mindset. Fletcher not only lacked an engaging personality towards his team’s problems, but he didn’t consider the relationships among people. He thought that as long as a person could perform their job, then that was all that mattered. Getting along to him was not crucial. Of course, this is the exact opposite thinking of the collaborative mindset which fosters teamwork and strong relationships. There were some things that Fletcher did do well. For one, he began to have the reflective mindset at the end by pondering as to how to create an effective team. This shows that not only is he thinking about what has happened, but he may be starting to stepShow MoreRelatedDavid Fletcher Case Study711 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study: David Fletcher 1. What are David’s greatest strengths as a team leader? Greatest developmental needs? How did these strengths and weaknesses affect David’s ability to build a successful team the first time around? Points for Class Discussion: Greatest Strengths: * David is focused on the objective of the team and he is well aware of the function of the team once assembled. * David is also good in building mutual connection with his team members as exemplified by hisRead MoreDavid Fletcher Case Study Paper1697 Words   |  7 PagesDavid Fletcher Case Study Paper David Fletcher, a successful investment portfolio manager with Jenkins, Fletcher Partners or â€Å"JFP†, has been having problems with building and maintaining his team of research analysts. David is described by his peers as being calm under pressure, having a natural instinct to pick investments, and self-motivated. The intense workload David is managing has required him to put together a team to handle the time consuming aspect of obtaining and sifting through largeRead MoreDavid Fletcher Case Study Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesand events of the case including the critical issues leading to the departure of Stephanie Whitney. David Fletcher is a portfolio manager with many years of experience and success under his belt. He currently is a limited partner managing an Emerging Growth Fund for Jenkins Fletcher Partnership or JFP. The company was small when David started and consisted of a CEO, Paul Jenkins, CFO, 2 financial assistance, 4 research analyses, 1 research assistant and a receptionist. David first started withRead MoreFletcher Case Study Essay1288 Words   |  6 Pages653: Fletcher Case Study This study analyzes and discusses three shortcomings that prevented investment portfolio manager David Fletcher of Jenkins, Fletcher Partners (JFP) from realizing his team oriented operational expectations. His failures were attributed to poor personnel management, the inability to effectively select or establish team structure, and the failure to devise the appropriate incentives to motivate and reward employees. After careful review it is recommended that Fletcher mustRead MoreEthics Is A System Of Moral Principles And It Affects How People Make Decisions And Lead Their Life1852 Words   |  8 PagesEthics is a system of moral principles and it affects how people make decisions and lead their life (bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml) and there are different branches of ethics which are Meta-ethics the study of language; Normative ethics is the study of moral standard that we live our lives by and; Applied ethics is the application of ethical theories to access whether something is ethical. Restraint is a measure of protecting someone or something out of danger (oxforddictionaries.com/definition/English/restraint)Read MoreDavid Fletcher Case Essay example2226 Words   |  9 Pages Jenkins, Fletcher Partners (JFP) has the potential to thrive and succeed in the financial service industry with stimulated, productive, and satisfied employees. However, there are small and large issues to be addressed in order to carry that in action. In this specific case analysis, we analyze the issues hindering JFP from further development, and suggest respective and appropriate suggestions to resolve those problems. First, a thorough evaluation of JFP shed light on a number of issues: TheRead MoreEthical Nursing1709 Words   |  7 Pagesinformed consent papers before theatre, Carol made an explicit request that she should not be transfused with blood or blood products even in the case of extensive blood loss following surgery. Her reasons for this were that she belonged to a group of Jehovah’s witnesses, and it was simply against her beliefs. Ethics can be defined as the philosophical study of the moral value of human conduct and of the rules and principles that should govern it. It is the code of behaviour considered correct especiallyRead MoreCase Study: Fletcher Jones and Continental Airlines Managerial Leadership3994 Words   |  16 PagesCASE STUDY: FLETCHER JONES AND CONTINENTAL AIRLINES MANAGERIAL LEADERSHIP CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 SYNOPSIS 3 THEORY OF THE BUSINESS 4 COMPETING VALUES FRAMEWORK 5 4 + 2 FORMULA 7 THE FIVE PRACTICES OF EXEMPLARY LEADERSHIP 10 CONCLUSION 12 REFERENCES 14 APPENDIXES 15 Appendix 1 – Theory of the Business 15 Appendix 2 – Competing Values Framework 16 Appendix 3 - 4 + 2 Model 17 AppendixRead MoreWhy Are Ethics Important in the Accounting Profession? Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Are Ethics Important In The Accounting Profession? Sheree Fletcher CE CAPSTONE COURSE FOR THE ASSOCIATES DEGREE IDS399 September 10, 2006 What does ethics have to do with accounting? Everything, since there have been some recent financial accounting scandals; a few examples being Xerox, WorldCom, Enron, which have generated much unwanted and unfavorable publicity for CPAs, including those working as controllers or chief financial officers for organizations. When you hear theRead MoreThe Goldsmith Maid Driven By Budd Doble1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthe land. He was destined to Greek migrant guardians in Lynn, Massachusetts, and moved with his family to Sacramento, California in 1927. His folks supported his initial workmanship ability, and by 1941, he was going to Sacramento Junior College to study craftsmanship, however was hindered by three years on a plane carrying warship in the Pacific Ocean amid World War II. 5. Bridal Veil Falls, Yosemite Valley (Thomas Hill) Moving from England in 1844, Thomas Hill came to America with his family as a

Ford and Taylorism Key Ideas

Question: Describe about the Ford and Taylorism of Key Ideas. Answer: Paragraph 1: Key Ideas Extracted From the Video: In this video, it is revealed that, in begin car manufacturing companies manufacture cars by hand. They do not use any machine to complete the process of manufacturing. This process takes a lot of time to produce a single car. These handmade cars were so expensive. But, Henry Ford changed the whole process of manufacturing and also made the simplest car ever. To produce care cheaply, Henry Ford changed the way a car is built. He also changed the way his workers worked. The vision of Ford was totally influenced by deficiency expert Frederick Taylor. In this way, it can be said that Ford introduced revolutionary change at that time period (Ryngoksu, 2008). On the other hand, in this video, it is also shown that, an effective time management is also essential to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organizations in a specific time period. Moreover, the management should make use of the skills and knowledge of workers in order to reduce deficiencies in an effective way. Along with this, the process of manufacturing must be easy and understandable by all the people of the organization. The workers must be well trained of the organization. Also, the organization must adopt and implement innovative ideas for the success as well as growth of the organization (Ryngoksu, 2008). Moreover, effective assembly line also plays a significant role to accomplish the goals of the organization. It is because of with the help of assembly line, an organization becomes able to assemble workers and machines in a progressive manner. In other words, it can be said that, assembly line is a major key of mass production that not only improves the productivity and efficiency of the firm but also decreases the costs of the organization. In this way, this video exposes the new as well as innovative ideas of production especially for the car manufacturing companies. Paragraph 2: Application of the Ideas: I work in an organization that is new in the market. In current, the firm is not in a profitable situation. It is because of the firm is unable to produce required products in a specific time period. Moreover, the firm is also powerless to make effective utilization of available resources and man power. The management decided to close the organization. But, after watching the video, I believe that the organization may accomplish its desired goals and objectives. There is a need of adoption and implementation of the innovative ideas that are shown in this video in order to make its position in the marketplace. The firm should make use of assembly line for the mass production in a specific time period (Ryngoksu, 2008). Moreover, the firm should also pay high compensation the hard workers. The firm must provide training to the employees to improve the productivity and to decline the cost of the organization. In current, the firm may take advantages of advanced technology in order to imp rove the productivity, profitability, and effectiveness of the organization in n effective and a significant manner. For this reason, I believe the major ideas that are taken out from the given video would be beneficial for the organization in order to bring revolutionary changes within organization. Globalization Paragraph 1: Key Ideas Extracted From the Video: In the video, Actually, the World Isn't Flat, Pankaj Ghemawat talks about an important concept that is globalization. In this video, it is exposed that the organization must implement a limited level of globalization in order to accomplish the desired results in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. Pankaj Ghemawat says that limited globalization level is important to be more proficient at the global level. Furthermore, it is also revealed that implementation of high level of globalization may be very harmful for the health of the organizations (Ghemawat, 2012). Along with this, the video disclosed that business organization must avoid making overstatement in order to improve the effectiveness of the organization. In todays globalized era, people have fear that globalization is going to exacerbate that is not true. In this situation, avoiding overstatement may play a significant role in order to reduce the fear of the people or business firm that they have with reference to g lobalization. Overall, the main idea that is extracted in this video is the concept of globalization. The business organizations make use of globalization to accomplish their goals and objectives and to make strong position at the global level (Ghemawat, 2012). Moreover, globalization not only plays an important role in the economic development but also play a significant role in the overall development of the nations. Paragraph 2: Application of the Ideas The ideas related with the era of globalization can be seen in lot of organizations. It is because of globalization plays a significant role to expand the business of the organization in local and global market. Wal-Mart is a retail organization that has been improved its market position with the help of globalization. Globalization gave options to Wal-Mart to improve its business by entering in the new market. Along with this, with the help of globalization, Wal-Mart became able to accomplish competitive advantages over its national as well as international competitors. The concept of globalization brings revolutionary changes for the organizations. It is because of globalization has changed the way of work of the organization (Ghemawat, 2012). Moreover, with the help of globalization, Wal-Mart improved its market existence in the global market and also established new production plants in different countries in order to provide the required products at the lowest cost to the custom ers at a pre-determined time period. In addition to this, globalization has provided business opportunities to the organizations. In this way, I must say that Wal-Mart is taking advantages of the globalization to improve its position and to attract as well as retain its customers in order to improve the market share position of the firm at the global level. References Ryngoksu (2008). Ford and Taylor Scientific Management (Edited). Available At: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI [Accessed on: 7th August, 2016] Ghemawat, P. (2012). Actually, the world isn't flat. Available At: https://www.ted.com/talks/pankaj_ghemawat_actually_the_world_isn_t_flat.html [Accessed on: 7th August, 2016]

Initial Peopling of North America

Punk Essays - Dispute Resolution, Ethics, Freudian Psychology

Punk Essays - Dispute Resolution, Ethics, Freudian Psychology Punk Punk is a term applied to a child or teenager who acts in an antisocial way. Punk music is a form of rebellion, and it turned against all other musical forms and influences at its time of creation. Punk music is as much cultural as it is musical. It is anarchic, against society, and against everything in established order. Patrick Goldstein's article, "Violence Sneaks into Punk Scene", is about one man's observation of the experiences with violence and aggressive nature of youth's rebellion. In the author's opinion, "The accounts of senseless violence, vandalism, and even mutilation at some area rock clubs read like a report from a war zone." Throughout Goldstein's article, Freudian theory can be utilized to explain the aggressive nature of the punk movement and youths involved in it. There are many different theories as to human nature. One of these theories exists under the thoughts of a prominent philosopher, and founder of Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud. His deductive argument entails his conclusion that man is bad, or as Freud explains it in his book, Civilization and Its Discontents, "Homo homini lupus." This phrase literally means man is a wolf to man. Freud felt all men are innately evil and his aggression lies within him as part of human nature. Freud felt aggression can be hidden deep in our subconscious and explode in certain situations. In Goldstein's article, there are many examples to show Freud's opinion to be true. As one punk rocker stated, "It's no wonder there are so many fights . . . these idiots kept punching us in the back. Finally I got fed up and started hitting these guys, even though they were bigger than me." Another was quoted as saying, "All they want to do is fight. And next time I'm going to be ready to give' em one." When we have provoked someone with any form of aggression or violence, the first reaction, even if it is not considered normal for their particular behavior, is to show aggression in return. Aggression does not have to be subconscious in nature. It can be on the surface of our behavior and in constant use. Our inclination to aggression is apparent in one's relationship with their neighbors and apparent in what they see as every day, casual behavior. One manager of a club remembered a situation dealing with two young women from a local punk band. "While one was talking to me, the other went into the girls' room and broke a bunch of beer bottles in the sink and ran her hands through the glass. Then she came out to talk to me, blood steaming down her arms." Others reported situations where several girls would carve X's into their arms with broken glass in support for a local band. Self mutilation in a show of aggressive behavior can come with positive outcomes and continues to reaffirm violence and aggression. Freud also believed aggression is another human instinct that brings us joy and happiness. However, civilization refuses any acts of violence, it oppresses this need of aggression deep in our consciousness. The first thing we do when no one is watching is anything civilization refuses to allow us to do. Goldstein, in his article, describes the dance craze called the Slam. He believes it is, "an organized gang of punk youths, leading to numerous incidents of violence at many area clubs." On the contrary, a member of an area band the Germs who would be considered a participant observer feels, "If they're doing that (Slam), then I know they are having fun." Freud's opinion of releasing aggression, bringing about happiness and going about it by defying civilization and cultural opinion, is the underlying reason for the punk movement. As seen through the classic examples of aggressive behavior in Goldstein's article, Freud's argument comprises factually correct statements, for both his time and the punk movement. His arguments conclusion is well supported and his premises meet the conditions of a deductive argument with relevance and ground. This means that wherever we come from, whatever our culture is, we are aggressive by nature. From that sense, civilization steps in with a beneficial purpose, as it tames the human nature. However, civilization creates human source of

Short Paper - ServeNow Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short - ServeNow - Term Paper Example In order to facilitate the customers and to earn a dominant position in the market, many entrepreneurs aim at maintaining a chain of their business outlets. However this requires tremendous hard work but if their plan works then it yields numerous rewards not only for the entrepreneur but for all the stakeholders. I, being the small business consultant, Solange De Peres, have already advised my client Bushley, that he needs to hire new mangers as internal recruitment is not possible, because the existing staff does not possess the skills required for the vacant positions. In addition to this, I have also advised my client that he must hire those people who are not acquainted with store operations as this way they will spend more time in learning and gaining the experience with Bushley and will not think of changing their jobs quickly. However this will require a lot of time and efforts from my client in training his managerial force, but this can all be managed with the aid of technological good available in the market. I advise Bushley that he should prepare a detailed training program, explaining clearly about the stores’ operations. The training program should describe thoroughly about the responsibilities of each individual manager and how they could perform the respective tasks. After preparing this program Bushley can record it with the help of professional recording software programs such as Pro-tools or logics. Once the training has been recorded he can either upload it on his website, where all manager can have an individual access to it or he can make his account on YouTube and upload his training programs there. The recording software programs that I have mentioned above are the most widely used programs all over the world. They are extremely capable of catering to these professional needs very well. I recommend that Bushley should also consider the option of video conferencing in training his managerial force. Video

Disclosure of information Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disclosure of information - Movie Review Example Instead of rebuking, Will assured her and said, â€Å"I know†. Grace was honest enough to disclose that it â€Å"wasn’t right† that â€Å"he was a smart, attractive guy who love me, who I love by the way. Why wasn’t it right?† Will did not demonstrate the slightest hint of anger but instead consoled Grace with the story of a play back in college. That the protagonists seemed â€Å"so perfect with each other but kept on missing each other because they are not destined to be.† Further assuring Grace, â€Å"Gracie, you are just in the middle of your movie and the point is, it’s not yet over. The movie will have a happy ending. You’ll just have to see it through.† And the trust was demonstrated when the two of them, with friends, had a drink later despite of what happened with Grace still in her wedding dress. When prodded, the two of them even kissed and kidded there was â€Å"nothing†. The episode tells us the lesson that though things did not materialize as intended, commitment does not have to end. As Will puts it, â€Å"Gracie, you are just in the middle of your movie and the point is, it’s not yet over. The movie will have a happy ending.† It could have been understandable had Will been upset and frustrated.

Nike with apple Essay Example for Free

Nike with apple Essay To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world. *If you have a body, you are an athlete. Guiding principles (11 Maxims) They guide employees at all levels as they complete their work at Nike and represent the Nike corporation globally. †¢It is our nature to innovate. †¢Nike is a company. †¢Nike is a brand. †¢Simplify and go. †¢The consumer decides. †¢Be a sponge. †¢Evolve immediately. †¢Do the right thing. †¢Master the fundamentals. †¢We are on the offense – always. †¢Remember the man. The late Bill Bowerman, Nike co-founder) Manager Manifesto -It is a set of Core Principles that describe how Nike managers lead with excellence * Lead * Coach * Drive * Inspire Objectives: * Protect and improve Nike’s position as the number one athletic brand in America. * Build a strong momentum in growing fitness market. * Intensify the company’s effort to develop products that women need and want. Explore the market for products specifically designed for the requirements of maturing Americans. Direct and manage the company’s international business as it continues to develop. * Continue the drive for increased margins through proper inventory management and fewer better products. Competencies: Innovations: 1. Design your own shoes: Customers can choose their own colors and mascots to create shoes which define their personality 2. Nike self lacing automatic shoes: The automatic lacing system provides a set of straps that can be automatically opened and closed to switch between a loosened and tightened position. 3. Nike with apple: The NIKE+ package consists of a pair of specially designed NIKE+ running shoes, an ipod nano, and a NIKE+ ipod sport kit. As a person runs, ipod tells the distance, pace, and calories burned via voice feedback that adjusts music volume as it plays. Goal: World’s leading sports products and equipment provider. Business strategies: Encompasses the business’s overall positioning in the sports industry and stay competitive due to the product differentiation and globalization. Competitive Advantage: Brand Name, Product Quality, Inventory turnover, Cost leadership, Effective in-store operations.

Paleolithic Art Essay -- Essays Papers

Paleolithic Art Paleolithic art, dating back to the late Paleolithic period 40,000-10,000 B.C. (the Stone Age), is one of the most beautiful, natural periods of cave art and clay sculptures. Created by Nomadic hunters and gatherers with ivory, wood, and bone, these figures were thought to be symbolic and have some magical or ritual relevance. Figures and drawings have been found in all parts of the world dating back to the Cro-Magnon man as late as 60,000 years ago. There are two different periods of overlapping periods. The first, dating between 14,000-13,500 B.C., is the Aurignacio-Perigordian. This period included the contents of the Lauscaux cave paintings, the many sculptures at Laussel, and the voluptuous feminine figures called Venuses (Columbia Press, 1). The second, named the Solutres-Magdalenian period, dating back to 14,000-9,500 B.C., includes murals of Rouffignac and Niaux, and the ceiling decors in Spain (Columbia Press, 1). Paleolithic art falls into two distinct categories: portable pieces and cave art. Portable art was carved from bone, stone, or modeled from clay. Most has been found in Europe, Africa, and Siberia (Encarta, 1). The cave art comprised mostly of drawings and paintings recovered in mostly Spain and France (Versaware, 1). A possible third art category is mentionable also. Rock art is comprised of carvings and drawings on rock surfaces, but little of this art has been discovered (Encarta, 1). This form of art has founded many of today’s drawings, languages, and cultures. The first discovery was in the 1860’s by French Paleontologist, Eduard Lartet. The decorations were estimated back to the Stone Age because of the use of Ice Age animal bones. Researchers soon were digging everywhere in search of objects, ignoring cave drawings (Encarta, 1). In the 1880’s, a landowner discovered a cave in Spain filled with art and structural objects. Hiding it at first, researchers revealed it to the world that helped people learn to accept cave art for what it really was, an art. Many sites were uncovered shortly after, dating back to over 32,000 years (Versaware, 1). Since 1981, archeologists have also found art outside of the caves such as engravings of humans, horses, and cattle, which were about 20,000 years old. Paleolithic findings, if surviving erosion, are now becoming more common throughout the world (Columbia, 1). .. ...ed spray paint, which was blown either out of a tube or out of their mouths (Versaware, 1). Because they had none of the advantages that we have today, their creations, which was more difficult to fully complete, can be considered a precious, unique works of art. To be sure that these items are genuinely prehistoric, radiocarbon dating was used (Encarta, 4). Scientists can determine the true age from only a tiny amount of pigment in the paint. One of the oldest, found in Europe and Asia, was carved in ivory and dates back to about 32,000 years. Another, discovered in England in 1996, was found to be about 60,000 years old (Columbia, 1)! Few endure erosion, but the survivors make excellent timelines of the era’s that remain unclear to researchers. This beautiful Stone Age present to our time suggests that art was visible and practiced from close to the beginning of time. The decorated caves and figures have helped us learn of other cultures and their distinctive expressions of life-forms. Still indistinct about the main purpose of this creative art form, archaeologists continue to dig and discover new pieces that may add to the picture and help to solve this ongoing puzzle.

Organizational socialization Essay

Organizational socialization is a very important aspect in all organizations. It has been a lot of definitions, one is â€Å"the process by which organizational members become a part of, or absorbed into, the culture of an organization† (Jablin, 1982, p. 256). Another meaning that we have for organizational socialization is â€Å"the process of ‘learning the ropes,’ being indoctrinated and trained, and being taught what is important in the organization† (Schein, 1968, p. 2). Last but not the least, we have â€Å"the process by which a person learns the values, norms, and required behaviors which permit him or her to participate as a member of the organization† (Van Maanen, 1978, p. 67). Organizational socialization is evidently very important for growth and satisfaction not only in an individual’s job output, but more importantly it is essential to an organization’s growth towards innovation, job satisfaction, cooperation, organizational commitment, and ultimately organizational performance (Fisher, 1986). Even though organizations vary in their different natures, we must keep in mind that the nature of man and the dynamics of working as a group towards a common goal is what keeps all organizations united in the process of keeping its dynamics at its utmost best to come with the best results as they can with the given field of work they choose to follow. This is why so many people have come up with so many different theories with having the most ideal organizational socialization in their company. More importantly, this is why these different theories matter in the day to day encounters of people with in the company or any organization for that matter. Although the theories hold well in some practices in organizational development, practice of each theory in different settings will still vary and depend a lot on how each person will practice what theories present specially in organizational socialization (Tosi. et al, 2000 p3). Up to date, there have been a lot of studies pertaining to organizational socialization. A problem with these studies though is that so far, little research has been done to measure the specific settings and circumstances in which such socialization occurs (Ashforth & Saks, 1996; Jones, 1986). There was this one study, conducted by Ashforth, Saks and Lee (1998) that the examined the effects of three organizational context variables such as structure, size and job design. These variables were tested on the use of socialization tactics and the impact of these tactics on newcomer adjustment. This was particularly pretty helpful in t he field of organizational socialization to measure and compare the data gathered not only in the newcomer’s experience, but also to contrast each experience in varying fields. The study and application of organizational socialization is very important in the dynamics of the organizational processes also for many different reasons. One is that organizational socialization opens doors to behavioral changes that may occur from an employee’s entry point to being a key player in an organization or in a managerial or administrative role. Another is that the transitional view point of a worker in this process shapes an individuals’ growth, behaviors, decisions and even some key points that help shape the entrepreneurial process of an organization (Gartner, 1989; Stevenson & Jarillo, 1990). Another would be that specific role relationships within the person and key outsiders can be shown by viewing the influential outside constituents as socializing agents that can assist a newcomer in the formation of the firm he entered. Another would be that socialization literature such as orientations and the likes can identify the response of a new comer to the pressures of the environment of a new comer depending on the adaptability of each individual, henceforth showing the diversity of entrepreneurial experiences and new ventures (Gartner, 1985). Finally, the socialization perspective complements the environment of the newcomer by specifying the mechanisms that singles out those who cant fit with in the new environment. In the socialization process, the newcomers learn how to adapt and value the beliefs through social knowledge their new roles and function that they have to play in effectively in and organization (Aldrich & Zimmer, 1986). Van Maanen and Schein (1979) even developed a theoretical model of socialization which shows that socialization tactics used by an organization can influence the role orientation of a newcomer. Jones (1986) argues that a combination of six tactics form a socialization process namely formal, collective, sequential, serial, fixed, investiture or individualized. Jones concluded that institutionalized tactics encouraged newcomers to passively accept these established roles, while individualized tactics tend to encourage newcomers to develop their own approaches to playing their roles. According to some studies, there are specific socialization tactics in organizational socialization, Jones summarized Van Maanen & Schein’s 6 socialization tactics into a single polarity called institutionalized vs individualized dimension. He defined the institutionalized to be characterized by the common starting learning experiences. Due to the nature of this specified learning, it is sequential, fixed, collective, formal, and investiture. On the other hand individualized socialization is by its name, individual, random, informal, variable, and disjunctive and divestiture. This may be due to the nature of how it is learned by the new comer as it was defined by its characteristics. There are a lot of bases for adaptation of organizational socialization. In the motivational bases for adaptation, sociability of a newcomer is directly in line with the newcomer’s motivation to adapt to the expectations, norms and values that are already eminent not only in the organization members, but also in the structure of the organization. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors also let new recruits attend to socializing with the older members and adjusting accordingly through their actions. Furthermore, man’s psychological make-up makes him have real qualities that will help him have the right motivation to learn to adapt to the new setting that he is in behavior wise. This is probably why individuals respond in organizational efforts differently which causes a personalized response to each new setting. In organizational socialization, the main goal of adapting as a newcomer is to reach the entrepreneurial stage. In the entrepreneurial process, this can be viewed as a way where in you determine where in you will to start out a career in the path you chose as a newcomer in the field that you entered. This process of adapting to the field that you entered can also be viewed as your initiation or stepping stone towards your will to start a business. Some literature has tried to link a relationship between the motivational factors driving entrepreneurial activity and firm performance, with limited success (Cooper & Gascon, 1992) Even though some studies show the motivation to adapt in the environment of entrepreneurial endeavors, the literature in the entrepreneurship world shows the typical entrepreneur as the innovator who has to be different from the people around him. In most studies present, there has been a small consideration of the motivational mechanisms, activities, circumstances, or encounters where imitation, accommodation, or compliance might be the critical survival response. Four motivational bases for adaptation to socialization pressures can be applied to the entrepreneurial context–Personality, Anxiety or stress reduction, Choice, and Rewards/Power. A big aspect you have to factor in an organizational socialization also is personality. The variable of the uniqueness of each personality is bound to affect the motivation to become socialized. An individual’s unique tendencies to respond to authority, his need for control, and feedback can affect the newcomer’s adjustment and accommodation process to the expectations of members around him. One example would be a newcomer with moderate self-esteem and self-efficacy beliefs will cause him not be afraid to explore the new role and seek feedback as the basis for learning how to behave appropriately, otherwise, his coping mechanisms will be different. In other cases when an individual with a strong self-efficacy concept may have the tendency to attempt to change the organization rather than adapt to the situation presented to him. In the entrepreneurial context, his need for achievement motivation has been manifested to be his driving force in his start-up process in the organization (Brockhaus & Hurwitz, 1986). The goal orientation, self-confidence, and independence that compel individuals to start new businesses may also be factors in the entrepreneurial socialization process. Another thing to factor in organizational socialization is the anxiety and stress levels of the new comer. The new comer’s capacity for anxiety or stress reduction is important given that it is only inevitable for a newcomer to face a lot of stress while dealing with the unfamiliar pressures of a given field he entered. Some people are even motivated but this kinf of tension created by a new setting that tend to let them seek out new information for a new learning experience. Through developing and adaptation to the new environment, they will be able to create a predictability and certainty. This will enable then to adapt to their new setting. In the entrepreneurial context, one’s ability to manage risk, and associated personal characteristics such as tolerance for ambiguity, are generally linked to new firm performance. Another important thing to factor in is the concept of choice. This is because a person’s motivation to adjust to a new setting will always be influenced by the newcomer’s choice and commitment he has to his new role. This choice is essential considering that this choice defines to what extent a new comer will be willing to adjust to. Also, if the new role is a role the newcomer preferred compared to his previous role, his inclination and motivation to succeed in the new role should be higher. Rewards and power also is another factor in organizational socialization. Tangible benefits and possible power holding roles can be a big motivation for a new comer to excel and be more adaptive to changes in his new environment. This aspect of motivation is an essential component of organizational socialization. This is because newcomers respond to organizational communications that specify role behaviors that can promise or lead to organizational rewards or career growth. Also, traditional sources of social influence and reciprocity, such as proximity, status, and affective interactions, may also motivate compliance. In one study, Dornblaser, Lin, and Van de Ven observed differences in the concerns and performance expectations of innovation managers and resource controllers in 16 innovation settings (Dornblaser et al. , 1990). In human resource procedures, most of the instructions regarding norms, values, standard operating procedures, skills related to the job and the likes are provided by veteran organization members. Organizational insiders act as socializing agents which serve as critical resources who may both be the reason for impediment or better adaptability of new comers in an organization. The person in charge of giving the orientation is in charge of providing the background history, informal practices, local culture and any other information that a newcomer will be needing to cope with the new environment. Due to this, the newcomer’s perception of the organizational experiences will rely a lot on the person in charge of introducing him to the organization. Through this orientation to the organizational structure, a newcomer will be able to adapt to the organization, despite this other current members may or may not also be cognizant that they serve as role models and information sources for newcomers. In the modern scenario of emerging organizations, given that there are a number of organizations setting a competitive scene, an entrepreneur must learn to respond or adapt to several incumbents representing multiple organizational contexts. Due to this, customers, suppliers, bankers, employees, and other members of the business community function as comrades who guide, and influence the new entrepreneurial recruit (Aldrich & Zimmer, 1986; Larson & Starr, in press). Mentioned here are some features of entrepreneurial networks which describe ways in which network members serve as socializing agents in the entrepreneurial setting. Typically, in organizational settings, there is normally more than one agent who influences the newcomer. The power of agents’ influence depends on several factors earlier discussed such as tangible reward power, frequency of contact, perceived legitimacy and expertise, explicitness of expectations, and the compatability between the expectations of the agent and the newcomer. Other agents such as colleagues, bosses, and subordinates surrounding the newcomer in his environment are very important in the process of organizational socialization. Although this area has not yet been explored, future research should be dedicated regarding the facilitation of better dynamics of all these agents in relation to maximizing the results of organizational socialization. In the entrepreneurial context, the powers in the dynamics of hierarchy are more subtle. Despite this it is still implicit in the negotiations and informal and legal contracts with critical stakeholders that they exist. (Gabarro, 1987). Ofcourse organizational socialization exists and is studied for a very good reason, this is done to achieve a better outcome not only of the newcomer in an organization but also for good output of the organization as a whole. Outcomes related to organizational socialization should ideally be measured to improve tactics on how to deal with newcomers for optimum results. Role orientation is ideally done in this process where in a newcomer will be briefed and equip to face the new challenges for his job. Given that a newcomer ideally fits in a fixed role in an existing organization, it is through this process that our new comer can accept the conformity of a position while practicing innovation that he needs to display in wanting the best for his growth and that he wants to impart in the organization that he is taking part in. Organizational Politics is also an intricate issue that managers should deal with in orienting a newcomer for his proper adjustment to the organization. This is where managers orient acquired employees by specifying clearly the job hierarchies and the reporting relationships associated with different jobs in the firm and its component groups. In doing this, the newcomer can easily distinguish his superior from his subordinates and more importantly, to whom he should regularly report to. It is through this formal communication that organizations can avoid confusion within operations and its structure. This can also be where a new comer can view the organization structure so that he can be motivated and set his work and goal towards climbing up the organizational ladder. Another important aspect of organizational socialization is the technological advances that now innovate the way we deal with organizations. Technology has now paved the way in the way run organizations especially in the way we store and communicate information. As compared to older and traditional means of running organizations, new age technology through electronic communication and information technologies, information is now disseminated faster at an even much lower cost that what used to cost organizations before. While more people offer increased data communications and more powerful technological capabilities, the advancement of the communication process has extended the number an variety of people involved in organizational decisions (Huber, 1990; Sproull & Kiesler, 1991), this happens because technological communications make it possible to diminish temporal and physical interaction constraints through online conferencing and the likes (Eveland & Bikson, 1988; Kaye & Byrne, 1986), it will also increase horizontal and vertical communication as everyone in the organization is easily accessible via the world wide web(Hinds & Kiesler, 1995).

The Specific Role Of The Quantity Surveyor - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5561 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Background to the Study A competent design team is crucial for any new building project according to Lee (2008:127). The quantity surveyor can be a very valuable addition to the design team for the client, giving expert advice on contractual and financial matters. The quantity surveyor will have the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest as his number one priority and his services can be of great value to any person considering constructing a new building. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Specific Role Of The Quantity Surveyor" essay for you Create order According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:1) any person considering building or investing in construction projects needs expert advice from a quantity surveyor. No matter the size or complexity of a project, the quantity surveyor provides valuable advice through the various stages of the project. The Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“any client who is considering building any structure of any size, changing an existing structure or investing in construction projects no matter how simple or complex, needs the expert advice of a professional quantity surveyor for establishing budgets, cash flows, cost planning, cost management and obtaining value for money.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Construction projects differ from each other and every project has its own unique challenges. Construction projects are not standard products which have been designed and mass manufactured in a controlled environment. There is a lack of a relatively stable market price. This is due to monthly payments which are made as the work proceeds, before the project reaches completion. As a result of technological, financial and economical influences the methods adopted for construction work are varied and complex and the expert advice of a quantity surveyor should be obtained before the start of any project planning. This is the main reasons why there is a need for the services of a quantity surveyor. (Bowles Le Roux, 1992:2) The ordinary member of the general public has little knowledge or experience in the construction industry. However economically active individuals who can be seen as potential clients for residential construction projects are often reluctant to utilize the services of a professional quantity surveyor. According to Lee (2008:123), a potential pitfall for the first-time homeowner is to utilize the services of a non-reputable contractor who is not affiliated to the National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC). Members of the general public who are not experienced in the construction industry can be subjected to un-ethical practices and this may lead to their exploitation. Due to the many problems caused by these un-ethical and non-reputable contractors to the homeowners and other property professionals, the South African government passed legislation in 2001 known as the Housing Consumers Protection Measures Act. The intention of this Act is to guard homeowners against non-reputable contractors who build to substandard quality and then refuse to be held responsible. (Lee, 2008:123) One factor which may deter people from using the services of a quantity surveyor is the professional fees. According to research done by Cruywagen and Snyman (2005) professional quantity surveying services can be rendered as affordable in South Africa. The research shows that, due to the competitiveness of the market, it has become the norm for quantity surveyors to reduce professional fees. Cruywagen and Snyman (2005), state that there is a distinct relationship between the profitability for the quantity surveyor and the value of a project. This means residential projects are not profitable as compared to big industrial developments, shopping centers etc. This may be the reason for the lack of marketing in the residential sector and why the general public is not aware of the quantity surveying profession. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the specific role of the professional quantity surveyor in the construction industry and to explain the significant effect a quantity surveyor can have on a construction project. 1.2 Problem Statement The general public who is not involved in the construction industry is unaware of the quantity surveying profession and the functions the quantity surveyor perform and this lack of knowledge can lead to their exploitation if a quantity surveyor is not involved. 1.3 Hypothesis For the purpose of this study the following hypotheses are set out: The general public is unaware of the quantity surveying profession and the services the profession provide. Fees associated with the quantity surveyor may intimidate homeowners who are looking to complete a project with as little investment as possible, not realizing that the quantity surveyor can save you a substantial amount of money by providing you with expert advice on financial and contractual matters. 1.4 Objectives This study has four primary objectives. The objectives are to: Outline the specific role of the quantity surveyor. Realize the major effect a quantity surveyor can have on a building project Make the general public aware of the quantity surveying profession and the functions the quantity surveyor performs. To learn why the general public is reluctant to use the services of a quantity surveyor. 1.5 Methodology A qualitative research approach was follow for the purpose of this study. The researcher has conducted a comprehensive review of relevant literature on the topic. The focus has been on the quantity surveying profession and the services it provide. Personal interviews have been conducted with professional quantity surveyors. To understand the broader picture members of the general public who recently became homeowners (of newly constructed buildings) was asked to complete a questionnaire. Attention has been given to whether or not the services of a quantity surveyor was utilized and if not, why? 1.6 Delimitations The research is limited to the residential construction industry. The focus of the research is on the services of a professional quantity surveyor and not that of the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor. Memberà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s of the general public who was approached with questionnaires was limited to those who were recently involved with the construction of a residential building. 1.7 Assumptions The researcher assumed that all data collected are accurate and all interviews and questionnaires conducted were answered truthfully. CHAPTER TWO THE QUANTITY SURVEYING PROFESSION 2.1 Introduction In this chapter all the literature on the related topic collected by the researcher will be reviewed. This review will include literature on the history of the quantity surveyor, the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor, competencies of a professional quantity surveyor, fees of the professional quantity surveyor, estimating and cost advice as well as the use of a bill of quantities. The core focus however will be to outline the specific functions of the professional quantity surveyor. 2.2 History of the quantity surveyor According to the Association of South African Quantity Surveyors (2010), the quantity surveying profession started with the turn of the nineteenth century. The first recorded use of the term Quantity surveyor was in 1859. Before then the terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“measurerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Custom surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? were used. At that time it was custom for the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to work for the master builders, measuring the completed work and often submitting biased final accounts to the building owners. As a result of this behavior it became the norm for building owners to enter into a contract and invite tenders before any work commenced. According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:4), this gave rise to competition and builders tendering realized that they were spending an immense amount of time and effort measuring and calculating to arrive at a tender figure. In addition there was the added danger that the builders interpreted the architectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s drawings differently which would lead to inaccurate pricing and result in the tenders not being calculated on an uniform basis. The builders realized that a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? could be employed to act as an unbiased person to measure the quantities on their behalf. This insured that the builders tendered on the same basis whilst sharing the cost for the surveyor. Building owners were afraid of unethical practice between the builderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s and the surveyor and realized it would be to their personal advantage to appoint and compensate the quantity surveyor. This is how the independent professional quantity surveyor gained consultant status. In South Africa the title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“quantity surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is reserved under the Quantity Surveyors Act of 1970 for the sole use by those who had acquired the obligatory qualifications and experience stipulated under the Act. Furthermore, those persons must register with the South African Council for Quantity Surveyors before they can act as consultants to the general public (ASAQS, 2010) 2.3 Contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor The main difference between a professional quantity surveyor and a contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor is that the latter is employed by the construction company and not by the client. Dent (1970:7) states that a contractor who undertakes big projects will need a quantity surveying staff. The contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s surveyor will represent the contractor and the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest will be the main priority. According to Cornick and Osbon (1994:108), the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor spends comparatively the same amount of time on cost planning, feasibility studies and tender appraisal as the professional quantity surveyor and significantly more on post-contract services but significantly less on preparing tender documentation. Project cost control is one function that requires equal efficiency by both surveyors, the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor on behalf of the contractor and the professional quantity surveyor on behalf of the client. Cornick and Osbon (1994:109) identified seven main functions for the contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor namely: Valuation of work completed for payment from client and payment to subcontractor. Determination of change due to variation from client or designer. Preliminaries allocation. Subcontractor accounts to agree tender and actual costs. Financial reporting for quarterly account forecasts. Cost accounting for plant and material use by company. Cost accounting for labour use by the company. Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations of project cost control will increase as the clients and their cost advisers become more complex. The clients will be expecting the cost of their buildings to be reduced to match their budget. Therefore contractorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s quantity surveyor must strive to improving their cost controlling and accounting capabilities for the construction companies that they work for. 2.4 The professional quantity surveyor According to Bowles Le Roux (1992:3) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the quantity surveyor is a professional consultant appointed by the client who wishes to invest in property development.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It is the quantity surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility to advise the client, architect and engineer on all financial and contractual matters from the pre-tender stage right through to the completion of the project. For the quantity surveyor to accomplish this role he must develop a comprehensive understanding of the various construction methods and have a transparent understanding of the different forms of contract and sub-contract agreements available in the construction industry. The quantity surveyor must be capable of advising on the cost of alternative construction methods and costs of different materials. An analytical approach must be adopted in finding beneficial solutions in the interest of the client. The Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) states that a professional quantity surveyor will draw on extensive cost information obtained from client databases and experience from other projects for effective budget setting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It is the quantity surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ongoing implementation of financial discipline in the areas of budget setting, alternative design option costing, cash flow predictions, final cost forecasting, management of variations including potential areas of dispute and timeous final account settlement, etc. that allows the maximum value for money requirement to be achieved.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 2.4.1 Standard quantity surveying services According to A Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments (2006) the standard services that can be provided by a professional quantity surveyor are: Financial viability studies and the initial budget planning prior to the detailed design to establish whether the project is feasible in terms of the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial budget; Preliminary cost studies and comparing alternative designs and materials in terms of operating and maintenance costs; Monitoring the design as it evolves to ensure it stays within clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget; Preparing tender documentation for pricing by contractors and advising on contractual arrangements; Evaluating the submitted tenders and reporting on the suitability thereof; Negotiating the contract sums with the individual contractors; Preparing cash flow predictions; Preparing cost reports at regular intervals; Valuing construction work in progress; Preparing the final account thus determining the final cost; Settlement of the final costs with the contractor and sub-contractors. Additional specialist services that many quantity surveyors are experienced in providing are: Acting as project manager; Acting as principle agent; Consulting on property development; Valuation of buildings for insurance purposes etc.; Acting as an expert witness; Advising on the settlement of disputes through mediation and arbitration. Facilitating with fast track construction projects; Providing services for projects in engineering, mining and petro-chemical industries. It is recommended to employ the quantity surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s full services as a professional consultant rather than in a technical/measurement role in order to utilize the quantity surveyorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expertise to the best advantage. 2.4.2 Competencies of the professional quantity surveyor Competencies can be defined as the ability a person should have in a given occupational area subject to external and internal factors like organization size, type, and age (Barret, 1992). (Holmes Joyce, 1993) defined competence as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a description of an action, a mode of behavior or outcome that a person should be able to demonstrate, or the ability to transfer skills and knowledge to new situations within the occupational area.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? In the construction industry the quantity surveyor can be seen as the economist and cost accountant, whose services facilitate the client to obtain the maximum value for the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s investment. There are three aspects which reflect value for a client in the construction industry, namely cost, time and quantity. Quantity surveyors add value to the construction project performance by using the appropriate competencies. It is therefore important for an assessment of the quantity surveyors competencies in order to highlight the continuing relevance of their services in the construction industry (Nkado Meyer, 2001:483). The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) set out the competencies required by professional quantity surveyors in three categories, namely basic -, core and optional competencies. Table 1 below presents the competencies in three categories. Under the structure of the RICS the basic competencies are present in all construction professions, the core competencies primarily for quantity surveyors and the optional competencies are required for specialization in a specific field. Table 1: Competencies set out by the RICS (Nkado Meyer, 2001:484). A Study conducted by Nkado and Meyer (2001:484) identified 23 defined competencies which apply to quantity surveyors in South Africa. A questionnaire was sent to randomly selected members of the ASAQS of a different demographic background. The questionnaire listed the 23 competencies in alphabetical order. The respondents were asked to rate the importance of the competencies for a career as a professional quantity surveyor in South Africa at present, the importance in the future and the level of evidence of each competency in the quantity surveying profession. Rating worked on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"not importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and 5 being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very importantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The researchers ensured the respondents anonymity to attain an honest response. Table 2: Competencies ratings (Nkado Meyer, 2001:487). Table 2 shows the ratings which have been converted to percentages for effective interpretation. It is interesting to note that three of the traditional core competencies are rated in the top five competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa at present, the three being procurement and financial management, economics of construction and construction contract practice. The results showed that management orientated competencies were rated of higher importance for future services while the highest importance for current services were technically orientated. The five most important competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa at present are: Computer literacy and information technology; Procurement and financial management; Economics of construction; Construction contract practice; Measurement. The five most important competencies required by quantity surveyors in South Africa in the future are: Computer literacy and information technology; Procurement and financial management; Economics of construction; Project management; Marketing. Competencies utilized by quantity surveyors with greatest efficiency in South Africa are: Measurement; Procurement and financial management; Professional practice; Construction contract practice; Economics of construction. It is evident that management orientated competencies will grow in importance and will replace the traditional technically orientated competencies as the core competencies of the quantity surveyor (Nkado Meyer,2001:490). 2.4.3 Professional quantity surveying fees The fees charged by professional quantity surveyors are proportionate with the work done for the client and according to A Guide for Quantity Surveying Appointments 2006 there are 5 options available: A time charge; A percentage fee based on a tariff recommended by The South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession (see Table 3); An agreed percentage of the contract value; A lump-sum fee; Any other fee arranged between the quantity surveyor and the client. 2.4.3.1 Time Charges The following recommended hourly time charges for the private sector were approved by The South African Council for the Quantity Surveying Profession with effect from 1 January 2010 (SACQSP, 2010). (All rates are exclusive of VAT.) Not exceeding 5 years experience R 700-00 Exceeding 5 years and not exceeding 10 years experience R 1 250-00 Exceeding 10 years experience R 1 750-00 Specialist work R 2 190-00 2.4.3.2 Percentage fees By using table 3 a basic fee will be determined and multiplied by the appropriate percentage (Table 4, 5 6). The basic fee shall be calculated on the value for fee purposes (see table 3). Table 3: Basic fee (SACQSP, 2010) Table 4: Appropriate percentages for building work (SACQSP, 2010) Table 5: Appropriate percentages for engineering work (SACQSP, 2010) Table 6. Appropriate percentages for management services (SACQSP, 2010) Once the primary charge (table 3) is established, the amount is multiplied by the appropriate percentage. In addition to this there will be a marginal rate which would be added to the primary charge. The gross amount will be payable to the quantity surveyor as the professional fees. 2.5 Estimating and cost advice Aibinu and Pasco (2008:1258) states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Pre-tender cost estimation (or early stage cost estimation) is the forecasting of the cost of a project during the planning and design stage.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Research done by Trost and Oberlender (2003) identified 11 factors that play a role in the precision of estimates of which the 5 most important are: Process design; Estimator team experience and cost information; Time spent on preparation of estimate; Site requirements; The current labour and bidding climate. According to Bennett, Morrison and Stevens (1981) estimating is the main function of cost planning services provided by the quantity surveyor. They conclude that cost planning is unsuccessful without decent estimating. Morrison (1984:57) states that quantity surveyors have developed different methods for estimating to deal with the large variety of projects and designs. These different methods differ in detail with some estimates being very thorough, for instance a priced bill of quantities. Other may be very simple and only entail a simple lump sum estimate. All other factors being equal, the estimateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s accuracy will increase as the detail and time spent in preparing the estimate increases. 2.5.1 Clients brief The client, architect (design team) and the quantity surveyor are the most important members in the in the project briefing process. According to research done (Bowen, Pearl, Nkado Edwards, n.d.) it is vital to have an efficient client brief if the client is to reach his objectives with regard to the time, cost and quality of the project. Insufficient briefing of the design team by the client can lead to major frustration and unhappiness for the client. The brief procedure is the process where the client explains and spells out the objectives and requirements of a project (Bowen et al., n.d.). Bowen (1993) states that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The purpose of this stage is for the clients to communicate to the design team and specialist consultants their needs and objectives in initiating the project.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? For the client to be satisfied, the design of the building must fulfill the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs with regards to the technical aspects and quality standards. In addition to this the project must be completed within the budget and on time (Seymour Louw, 1990). In order to achieve this, a detailed and complete client brief is necessary to eliminate as many uncertainties as possible. 2.5.2 Feasibility studies After the briefing process, the quantity surveyor will do a feasibility study. The outcome of the feasibility study helps the client to decide whether to go ahead with the project. A feasibility study is conducted to ascertain whether a project idea is economically viable (Hofstrand Clause, n.d.). It is the quantity surveyors responsibility to make recommendations to the client on the viability of the project and give professional advice on any alternatives. The feasibility study involves economical and technical investigations that allow the client to decide whether to proceed with the project (Association of South African Quantity Surveyors, 2010). According to Hofstrand Clause (n.d.) a feasibility study: Identifies alternatives. Identifies reasons not to proceed. Indicate new opportunities. Gives quality information for better decision making. Assist in acquiring funding from banks and other investors. 2.6 Use of bill of quantities After the quantity surveyor completes the elemental estimate the client will decide whether the project will go ahead or not. This decision is largely based on whether the estimate is within the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget or not. If the estimate is within budget the client should instruct the architect to prepare detailed working drawings for construction. The quantity surveyor can start with the preparation of the bill of quantities once he has received these drawings (Bowles Le Roux, 1992). Davis, Love and Baccarini (2009:99) states that the bill of quantities has 2 main uses and these can be categorized under pre-contract and post-contract stage. In the pre-contract stage the bill of quantities aid contractors to prepare their tenders. In the post-contract stage the bill of quantities assists the quantity surveyor and the contractor in the valuation of the work in progress and work completed for payment purposes. The bill of quantities is mainly used for tendering purposes. It enables contractors to prepare tenders using the same information which will lead to more accurate tender sums. The bill of quantities allow for a common basis on which the tenders can be compared. This brings about a competitive market (Kodikara, Thorpe McCaffer, 1993:261). According to Bowles and Le Roux (1992) the bill of quantities describes the nature of the building. It is a document which lists all the items that need to be completed for the construction of the building. These items required for the completion of the building is measured from drawings and specifications received from the architect and engineers. The total cost for the project will be the sum of all the individual items added together. When these items are priced there must be an allowance for the execution of each item as well as a realistic profit margin. The information in the bill of quantities can be classified into three fundamental categories namely; preliminaries, preambles and bills. The preliminaries of a contract entail all requirements of the project which do not have a direct impact on the construction works. The preliminaries of a contract may include health and safety requirements, access to and from site, accommodation for workforce, insurances required etc. Preambles define the standards of workmanship and materials to be used. The bills contain the measured items needed to complete the works and comprises of the description, units and quantities (Kodikara et al., 1993:261). The bill of quantities, detailed construction drawings, engineering drawings and specifications will be issued to building contractors. These documents form part of the tender documentation. The tender documents enable contractors to submit a competitive tender for a project and aid them in determining an accurate price for the completion of the building. A practical time limit is set for the contractors to price the bill. All tenders should be handed in before the specified closing date. According to Davis et al. (2009:103), the bill of quantities has various advantages to the parties involved in a project: Pre-contract stage: Database à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a cost database for future estimating Fee calculation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a conclusive basis for the calculation of professional fees Asset management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provide data for asset management of finished building, insurance, maintenance schedules etc. Taxation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Provide basis for precise preparation of depreciation schedules as part of the asset management plan. Post-contract stage: Accurate progress payments à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It becomes a basis from which the interim payments can be evaluated. This insures work is done at a reasonable price and gives the contractor and client peace of mind that the contractor is not paid too much or too little for work completed. Pricing of contract instructions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" It provides a basis for the valuation of variations to the project. Risk management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Prices from the contractor in the bill of quantities can be compared with current market related prices. According to Davis et al. (2009:103), the major disadvantages of the bill of quantities are that the preparation is time consuming and it tends to increase cost. 2.7 Conclusion It is clear from the above that the quantity surveyor can be a very valuable addition to the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s professional team. Quantity surveyors in South Africa are competent professionals. From the inception stage of a project, right through to the final payment, the quantity surveyor will give expert advice on financial and contractual matters. The successful completion of a project can never be guaranteed due to the many uncontrollable factors in the construction industry. However having the services of a quantity surveyor at your disposal will greatly improve the chances of completing a project successfully and within budget. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 3.1 Data In this chapter the data collection methods and the analysis of the data is explained. For the purpose of this study a qualitative research methodology was followed in order to test the hypotheses put forward. The research was conducted by way of a comprehensive literature review and collecting data through interviews and questionnaires. The research problem is mainly that the general public is unaware of the quantity surveying profession therefore data relating to the services that the quantity surveyor offer and the profession in general were required. 3.2 Collection of data Books and journals on the related topic from local and international sources were used for the collection of data. All the data was collected before the field work started and was done over a two month period. Furthermore, primary data was collected through personal interviews and questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with quantity surveyors. The interviews were informal but due to the researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relative lack of experience in conducting interviews the questions were well prepared. Questionnaires were used to obtain the necessary data from members of the general public who were recently involved in the construction of a residential building. The questionnaires consisted out of open ended questions and were administered in person. To maximize to accuracy of the response the questions were short and in unambiguous language (Leedy Ormrod, 2005:190). To insure the validity of the research an honest response is required. For this reason the names of individuals and the quantity surveying company approached for the research will be held confidential. 3.3 Data analysis The qualitative data was organized, summarized and analyzed by the researcher in order to reach a conclusion and make recommendations. It should be noted that the sample is very small, but for the purpose of this study it is sufficient for the researcher to understand the problem at hand and reach a conclusion. CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction Primary data was collected through interviews and questionnaires as explained in the previous chapter. Ten individuals who were recently involved in a residential project were approached to complete the questionnaire. This chapter will discus the findings of the questionnaire and will incorporate the data collected from interviews with quantity surveyors. 4.1.1 Awareness of the quantity surveying profession Figure 4.1 Indicate the awareness of the quantity surveying profession. It was found that the large majority of the respondents were aware of the profession. However this does not necessarily mean they understand what the profession entails. An interesting observation was that the respondent, who was not aware of the quantity surveying profession, was the only respondent under 30 years of age. 4.1.2 Understanding of the quantity surveyor The question was what the understanding of quantity surveyors was by the respondents. Three of the ten respondents had reasonable accurate explanations. According to the respondents the quantity surveyor is responsible for the financial aspects of a project. This include preparing estimates, giving cost advice on the design of building to ensure design remains within the clients budget, valuing of completed construction work, preparing cost reports and assisting with the settlement of the final account. It should be noted that two of the three respondents had utilized the services of a quantity surveyor when they were building their houses. Four respondents had a reasonable understanding of the quantity surveying profession but have never been involved in a project were a quantity surveyor was present. Two respondents had a very vague idea of the profession with one commenting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“they count bricksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Figure 4.2 illustrate the understanding of profession by respondents Although nine out of ten indicated they are aware of the profession only tree could give an accurate description of the profession. 4.1.3 Employment of quantity surveyors Only two form the ten respondents utilized the services of a quantity surveyor. In this sample that amounts to 20%. Considering the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s relative lack of experience and knowledge of the construction industry this is a very low percentage. 4.1.3.1 Do you think the quantity surveyor was advantageous to the project? This question was put forward to the respondents who made use of a quantity surveyor. The two individuals who made use of a quantity surveyor had very positive feed back. In the interest of confidentiality the two projects which had quantity surveyors involved, will be referred to as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"project Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"project Bà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Project A was a large up market house with a contract sum of R 11 million. The client initially did not want to invest more than R 10 million. After receiving the design from the architect the quantity surveyor estimated the project will amount to R 13 million. The client received very valuable cost advice from the quantity surveyor and was able to reduce this amount R 11 million. In this case the client was able to save a substantial amount of money thanks to expert advice from a quantity surveyor. Project B was a smaller residential house with a contract sum of R 6.5 million. With the commencement of the construction work the contractor had unforeseen difficulties with excavating hard rock in the foundations. This had cost and time implications. When the quantity surveyor prepared the estimate for the building he allowed for unforeseen factors in a contingency amount. This contingency amount was able to absorb the added costs incurred due the additional work in the foundations and time delay. Although the professional fees for a quantity surveyor are expensive and may deter individuals from employing a quantity surveyor, it is likely to save the individual money. In both of the above cases the quantity surveyor was able to save the client money which exceeded the value of the professional fees the quantity surveyor received. The one respondent also noted that the valuations prepared by the quantity surveyor gave him peace of mind that he was not paying the contractor too much for work completed. 4.1.3.2 Why respondents did not make use of a quantity surveyor Figure 4.3 illustrates why respondents did not utilized a quantity surveyor. This figure illustrates that although the majority of the respondents where aware of the profession, they were unaware of the benefits of the quantity surveyor. 4.1.4 Completion of project within budget. According to data from the questionnaires only four from the ten respondents indicated that their respective projects finished within budget. Two of these made use of the services of a quantity surveyor. This means only two from eight projects without a quantity surveyor finished within budget. That amounts to only 25% in this sample. 4.2 Quantity surveyors perspective CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUTION 6. REFERENCES Association of South African Quantity Surveyors, 2010. 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