Saturday, September 7, 2019
The Triumph of Science Over Religion Essay Example for Free
The Triumph of Science Over Religion Essay In her book, Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America, Frykholm (2004) explains her interest in evangelism – that, in fact, her family had converted to evangelical Christianity and she had explored the faith in depth during her teenage years. However, the author was not able to find the answers to her religious questions. This made her a skeptic, as religious people would refer to her as. As a matter of fact, Frykholm realizes the differences between her beliefs and those of evangelical Christians.  She mentions, for example, that she was living with her fiancà © before marriage, while Christianity manifestly prohibits fornication. Moreover, the Left Behind series appeals to people who are homophobic among other things, also according to the author. Thus, she refers to the rapture culture – of the believers in rapture – as a part of Christian fundamentalism.     The book, Rapture Culture, is a qualitative study relating the views of readers of the Left Behind series. Frykholm seems to have undertaken the project because of her deep interest in evangelical Christianity. Yet, she has approached the study as a disbeliever in evangelical Christianity. She criticizes many of the beliefs of Christianity, which practicing Christians might consider as mockery. It seems, however, that Frykholm would like the readers of the Left Behind series to help her understand the reasons why they believe in the rapture while she does not. She finds that the series strengthens the faith of some of the readers, while others find the series interesting because it allows them to learn what they had never paid attention to. Frykholm discovers that the readers of the series differ in terms of what they gain from books about rapture. All the same, it is not only a discovery of their understanding that the author is concerned with. She describes her own perspective of Christian beliefs at every turn.     Frykholm’s doubts about Christianity are not unique in our time. There are countless people in the United States and the Western world as a whole who were born into Christian families but have given up the practice of religion. Fornication is quite common among such people. Furthermore, it is considered abnormal by them to oppose homosexuality, even though the Bible strictly speaks against it in the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Practicing Christians are of the opinion that this is one of the signs of the end times. Frykholm, on the other hand, is confident that the rapture culture is the culture of a people that differ from her fundamentally. Hence, the title of the book sheds more light on the ‘us versus them’ mentality of Frykholm as well as the evangelical Christians. Needless to say, religion is at odds with the cultural norms of the majority in the West today.     It is, therefore, important to understand the history of the division in society as far as the practice of religion is concerned. Frykholm does not have a problem referring to her book as a qualitative study, which suggests that scientific understanding is easier for her. But, she is not the only person in the West who finds it easier to respect science as opposed to religion.     By the sixteenth century, the Western experience with religion had turned bitter. The Catholic Reformation, also referred to as a Counter Reformation, was a response to the great Protestant Reformation in Europe during this period of time. There were two elements of the Catholic Reformation. First of all, Catholics were being called for a renewal of piety and of virtue in the form of renewed commitments to prayer as well as mysticism. This component of the Reformation was particularly evident in the clerical orders. The ordinary folks had nothing whatsoever to do with this component of the Reformation, seeing that even the clerical orders were not looked upon as worthy guides. Secondly, the Church was being asked to reform in order to deal with unparalleled as well as swift changes in society, and abuses that accompanied those changes.[1]  There was turbulence witnessed in the societal structure, and one of the reasons why it was necessary to initiate the Catholic Reformation was that the humanists had revived classical pagan philosophy in the fifteenth century, using the new miracle of printing to shift the attention of society from the after life to the present.[2] At the same time as the classical pagan philosophy was being circulated, the Church was going through a period of decline with a desiccation of scholastic thinking. Internal abuses at the Church were also well-known, and these involved simony, the sale of indulges, multiple benefices, and much more.[3]     The Church could not be trusted as much as it was meant to be. As a matter of fact, the condition of religion in the sixteenth century was characterized by turmoil. King Henry VIII of England created the Church of England in the year 1533 A.D. by splitting from the Roman Catholic Church. Around the same time, the French Wars of Religion were waged between the Catholics and the Huguenots in France.[4] How much confusion such chaos would have birthed in the minds of Western Christians with respect to their religion could only be imagined. Christianity was, after all, supposed to be a religion of peace and unconditional love.     The Western religion around 1500 A.D. was chiefly Christian, and the sixteenth century has been described as â€Å"probably the most intolerant period in Christian history.†[5] It was not the scientists that were killed during this time because they came up with new ideas. Rather, in the sixteenth century, there were thousands of people that were killed because they were called heretics by religionists. Michael Servetus was only one such individual. He was burned in 1553 A.D., alive, on the order of John Calvin in addition to the city authorities, because he had made theological speculations that Calvin believed to be falsehoods.[6]  To put it another way, the religious authorities of the time would not allow people even to deviate in their thinking with respect to religion. Christians of the West were required to think of Christianity in the way that the religious authorities felt was appropriate. Critical thinking or questioning was not allowed by any means. What is more, the religious authorities were known to be corrupt enough for places of worship to be closed down. Clarke writes:         In January, 1535, the newly appointed Vicar-General of the English Church, Thomas    Cromwell, sent out his agents to conduct a commission of enquiry into the character and value    of all ecclesiastical property in the kingdom. Overtly, they were reformers, exercising the new    powers accorded to the Crown by the Act of Supremacy: from time to time to visit, repress,    redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences,    contempts and enormities . . . which ought or may be lawfully reformed. But Dr. Richard    Layton, Dr. Thomas Legh, Dr. John London, and the other tough-minded and venal officials    chosen for the job had no doubt what the Crown expected of them. It took them only six    months to submit for Cromwells scrutiny an accurate and detailed tax-book, the Valor    Ecclesiasticus. Along with it came evidence of corruption and scandalous immorality in    Englands monasteries.         Such evidence was not hard to find, for by the 16th century many of the religious houses    had long since lost their sense of purpose.[7] The religious turbulence of the sixteenth century was continued into the seventeenth century. The government of England had become known for its harassment of Catholics as well as Jesuits. On 20 May 1604, certain religious men began to plot the destruction of the government after having heard Mass. One priest knew about the plot, and was made to pay the price of this knowledge later on.[8]     The religious authorities of the Near and Far East were not facing religious turmoil around that time, however. Nor were the people of the advanced civilizations of the Near and Far East being confronted with religious confusion. Furthermore, scientists of the Near East were especially involved with their work during the sixteenth century, as for a number of centuries before. The Ottoman astronomer, Taqi al-Din, created astronomical tables in the sixteenth century. These tables were considered as accurate as the ones made by Tycho Brahe in Denmark during the same period of time. All the same, the Ottomans are known to have ceased their support for scientific innovations and research a century later, as their priorities took a shift.[9] The West, on the contrary, continued scientific explorations even after the sixteenth century. The East had maintained its religions. It was only the West that had showed immense intolerance toward different religious beliefs and practices, even with respect to its own faith. Whereas religious authorities stopped Westerners from thinking and reasoning, science opened up a new world for the ordinary people. They were not called heretics because of their new scientific ideas. Rather, people who came up with new scientific ideas were in the company of many others who came up with great new ideas in the scientific arena. Giordano Bruno, Girolamo Cardano, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, William Gilbert, Johannes Kepler, Paracelsus, John Napier, and Andreas Vesalius are only few of the important Western scientists of the sixteenth century. Besides, the same century saw the birthing of Copernicus’ theory, the import of new plant species from the Americas into Europe, and new inventions that revolutionized manufacturing and other features of living. The wheel-lock musket, the helicopter, the spinning wheel, the pocket watch, the diving bell, the seed drill, the camera obscura, the knitting machine, the compound microscope, the Gregorian Calendar, and the enameling of pottery were all brought into the world in the sixteenth century.[10] So, while religion disappointed people, science brought renewed hope of existence through new products and discoveries. No scientist could be killed in the name of science. Hence, science was safely meant to stay on in the West despite the good or bad luck of religion.     Frykholm seems to have chosen the safe side, although believers in rapture may not believe in her safety in the afterlife. According to the latter, this division would remain real until final judgment time. The author of Rapture Culture, on the other hand, does not claim to understand the truth of religion as opposed to the truth of science. Bibliography Clark, L. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.historynet.com/. Frykholm, A. J. (2004). Rapture Culture: Left Behind in Evangelical America. New York:      Oxford University Press. Hogge, A. (2005). God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West. MacroHistory. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html. Lewis, J. J. (1998). Women Saints: Doctors of the Church. London: Penguin. Timeline 16th Century. Magic Dragon Multimedia. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007, from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html. Olin, J. (1990). Catholic Reformation: From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495- New York: Fordham University Press. Pollen, J. H. (2004). The Counter Reformation. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: K.      Knight. [1] J. H. Pollen, â€Å"The Counter Reformation,†The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: K. Knight, 2004). [2] Jone Johnson Lewis, Women Saints: Doctors of the Church (London: Penguin, 1998). [3] John Olin, Catholic Reformation: From Cardinal Ximenes to the Council of Trent, 1495-1563 (New York: Fordham University Press, 1990). [4] â€Å"Timeline 16th Century,†Magic Dragon Multimedia, available from http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline16.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [5] â€Å"How the Idea of Religious Tolerance Came to the West,†MacroHistory, available from http://www.fsmitha.com/review/index.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [6] Ibid. [7] Lindsay Clarke, â€Å"The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 16th Century,†available from http://www.historynet.com/; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [8] Alice Hogge, God’s Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth’s Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2005). [9] â€Å"Cutting-Edge Science in the Middle East;†available from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/science/index.html; Internet; accessed 16 November 2007. [10] â€Å"Timeline.â€
Friday, September 6, 2019
Factors and contributors Essay Example for Free
Factors and contributors Essay People usually love to go by the shorelines, as these have been identified as the home of a variety of fish and other aquatic creatures (Department of Fisheries and Oceans-Canada, 2008). Many of the fish breed their young, and seek shelter and protection from predators (DFO, 2008). Hence the efforts of shoreline stabilization must be conducted to counter the effects of shoreline erosion (DFO, 2008). Shoreline erosion have varied causes, from natural causes such as wind driven wave action, a dearth in vegetation, ice and water (Marine Information Portal). Man- made factors contributing to shoreline erosion would include n of forests and vegetation and wash, or waves generated from passing boats (Portal). Most shorelines that have been affected by erosion usually undergo shoreline erosion will undergo some stabilization procedures to prevent it from being a threat to development on the waterfront (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminstration, 2007). Among the measures that are placed on a permanent basis are divided into several types. â€Å"Soft†or â€Å"non-structural†procedures bank on planting of plants and the use of sand fills, while â€Å"hybrid†techniques are deemed as effective stabilization modes to the conventional hard structures such as bulk heads or â€Å"rip rap†structures (NOAA, 2007). Shoreline erosion does not only affect marine life, destroying their natural habitat, turbidity of the water , and algae growth, shoreline erosion contributes to land loss and lowering of property values (Marine Info). But many factors go into determing the impact of shoreline erosion on the waterway (Marine Info). Factors such as the size of the watercraft, how far it is from the shoreline, and the speed when it passed the waterway, influence the degree of erosion on the particular waterway (Marine Info). Urban development has also taken its toll on the shoreline (Department of Boating and Waterways, 2002). In California, the erosion being experienced in North County in San Diego has been attributed to the rapid development pace of urbanization of the watershed area and the competing interests in society (Terra Costa Consulting Group, 2005). The effects of human interference in the natural ecosystem began with the damming the rivers for flood prevention, and creating recreational water facilities (DBW, 2002). These construction activities reduced the sand that would normally reach the coast, and that, along side with obstruction of sand development because of harbor construction activities, contribute to shoreline erosion (DBW, 2002). References Department of Boating and Waterways. (2002).California beach setting. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. dbw. ca. gov/PDF/Reports/BeachReport/Ch2_Setting. pdf. Department of Fisheries and Oceans-Canada. (2008). Fish habitat shoreline stabilization. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. dfo-mpo. gc. ca/regions/CENTRAL/pub/fact-fait-on/c4_e. htm Marine Information Portal. (n. d. ). Shoreline erosion caused by boat wake. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. marinfo. gc. ca/Doc/Erosion/Erosion_des_berges_En. pdf. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2007). Alternative shoreline stabilization methods. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://coastalmanagement. noaa. gov/initiatives/shoreline_stabilization. html Terra Costa Consulting Group. (2005). Appendix d: sediment/ erosion analysis. Retrieved September 12, 2008, from http://www. ci. solana-beach. ca. us/uploads/Appendix%20D%20Sediment-Erosion %20Analysis. pdf.
Thursday, September 5, 2019
Analysing The United States Presidential Election Of 1916 Politics Essay
Analysing The United States Presidential Election Of 1916 Politics Essay An election, to most, is a vote taken to determine who and what party will hold office for the government in question for a set term. Though this is accurate, an election is also a reflection of not only the government and the people to which that government supports, but in fact the entire world at that time. The year of 1916 was one of optimism, opposition, nativism, womens rights, allies, central powers, trenches, progressivism, isolationism and a great deal of nationalism. The Great War had started two years prior and a small amount of other serious conflicts such as Easter Rising, the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Turks and the Mexican Revolution had begun to take place as well. The incumbent to the presidency had appointed his first Jewish Supreme Court Justice, Louis Brandeis, and the US had invaded Cuba for the third time due to the corruption of the Menocal regime. 1916 also presented many achievements in a variety of subjects: the rise of Charlie Chaplin; the first succes sful blood transfusion; the invention of the light switch; the creation of the Boy Scouts; the beginning of Boeing Aviation; approval by more states of womens suffrage; Coca-Colas introduction to the market of the current coke formula; the founding of the San Diego Zoo; the presentation of Albert Einsteins Theory of General Relativity, and the cancellation of the Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany. Although such details may seem insignificant, no time ever lived in should be forgotten or secluded from that of the rest. Primary issues, political parties, nominations, elections and results do well to reflect this great time in history and its impact on the US as a nation but just as well should we remember the world as it was. The most predominant factor affecting the world at that time was WWI, or as it was called back then, The Great War. The war had started two years prior to this election and had caused so much turmoil within Europe that the American people where simply dodging the inevitable. The Great War was merely an arms race of one alliance against the other. The first alliance was called the Triple Entente, also called Allies, which consisted, at that time, of Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Ireland, Portugal, Serbia, Romania and Greece. The second alliance was called the Triple alliance, also called Central Powers, and consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria and the entire Ottoman Empire. The conflicting alliances disturbed the American peoples through ethnicity, trade and moral dilemmas. German-Americans as well as the other Central Power country-related Americans had only begun to experience alienation because of the war, but the effect as well as their ties to home beca me a problem in future government involvement. Also, the Americans were supplying both sides. Ford Motor Company, for instance, was supplying the Germans with automobile parts. This, as well as moral conflicts from hearsay about the war, such as the sinking of the RMS LUSITANIA, had much of the United States in conflict. Still, much of the U.S was absolutely adamant towards its isolationist stance on the war. Unfortunately the Great War was not the only problem present in the world in that year. In fact, such conflicts as the Easter Rising in Ireland and the Mexican Revolution also had an impact on many Americans just as easily. Easter Rising was, at the time, the biggest rebellion effort against the British rule over Ireland that had occurred since the rebellion of 1798. To some, it may seem that it was also the spark of what the IRA would later become as well as over 90 years of bloodshed between the IRA and the British. Though most of the attention of the U.S. was centered on the Great War, the uprising in Ireland was most certainly not a missed subject during this time, and most certainly not ignored by the majority of Irish Americans. The Mexican Revolution, however, had a more direct impact on the American people due to its proximity to the U.S. A revolution by a man named Francisco Madero led to attempts by Pancho Villa to reclaim lands lost to the US years before. Pancho Villa the n invaded New Mexico killing 12 U.S soldiers and instigated retaliation from the United States government as wished. Though an invasion, Pancho Villas efforts, however, were merely used for tricking the US into intervening in the revolution by way of invasion themselves as a way of insuring that Villas preferred candidate would emerge victorious. Even more than our involvement, were two questions; how to protect the economic interests we had in Mexico during Tafts administration, and, even more largely, how was this an act of neutrality. Much of the US was uncertain, by this point, of Wilsons capability of dealing with foreign affairs, which had a significant effect on the election as well. The year of 1916 was also an election year. The two primary parties were the Republicans and the Democrats. Minor parties, consisted of the Prohibitionists, Socialists, Socialist Labor Party and the Progressives. The Republicans of this time were seeking more protection on individual rights, restriction in foreign affairs involvement, increases in industry, protection of free enterprise, good education and the right of states to determine womens suffrage. The Democrats, however, were endorsing Wilsons former achievements as the incumbent; military preparedness, a world association of nations to maintain peace after the war in Europe had ended, Pan-American unity, a ban on child labor, womens suffrage, and prison reform. Third parties, for the most part, remained more exclusive on which subjects they found most interesting. The Prohibitionists still kept their focus on the banning of alcohol; its main goal being temperance. The Progressives as well as the Socialists remained determine d on excessive government change and inspiration for radical movements to support the people. Lastly, the Socialist Labor party had kept its views most evidently towards labor modifications. Most parties were in agreement on who would represent what. The Democrats without opposition renominated Wilson and invited Thomas R. Marshall to be his running mate at the Democratic National Convention in St. Louis, Missouri from June 14th to June 16th. The Prohibitionist party held their convention in St. Paul, Minnesota from June 19th to June 21st and nominated James Franklin Hanly as president and Ira Landrith as his running mate. The Socialist Labor Party nominated Arthur Reimer as president and Caleb Harrison as his running mate in their convention in New York City, New York on April 29th to May 3rd. The Progressives were the same in accordance to their nomination of former president Theodore Roosevelt, but Roosevelt turned down his nomination, thus removing the party from the race and pulling former progressives in all directions. Roosevelt endorsed the Republican Partys nominated member quickly thereafter. The Republicans had many candidates in question, but the most promine nt was a conservative Senator named Elihu Root from New York, and a liberal Senator named John W. Weeks from Massachusetts. The partys bosses on the other hand saw that a balance between the two would be more substantial for both ends of the party and result in a once again unified party. It was then, that Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes was brought into the race without previous interest and won on the third ballot, with former vice president Charles W. Fairbanks as his vice presidential nominee. The Socialists, due to Eugene V. Debs decline to the ticket, did not hold a formal convention. A referendum of the partys members nominated Allan L. Benson, an anti-war activist, for president and George Ross Kirkpatrick as his running mate in hopes of a better chance at the presidency. Due to popularity, precedent, and the incumbent himself, the two primary parties that ran against each other were the Democrats and Republicans. President Wilson, running on the Democratic ticket, came into the 1916 contest with a list of domestic accomplishments, but the race was dominated by foreign affairs and the ongoing world war in Europe. The Democratic Party itself was running most of the campaign on the slogan He Kept Us out of War. Ironically enough, Wilson did not like the slogan due to his doubtfulness in his capability to keep the US out of conflicts with such an uncertain future. Hughes, on the other hand, did not have the advantage of being the incumbent and used his efforts to suppress Wilsons attempt to plead neutrality, as well as his views on labor laws that suppressed businesses and profit. On one hand, the Republican party held militarists, who criticized Wilsons weak foreign policies with Mexico and Germany, but also pro-Germans or pacifists, who simply denounce d Wilsons policies for fear they might lead to war. Hughes was not exact on either approach, but was diligent in his attempt to defeat Wilson. Though both Wilson and Hughes had a mostly similar outlook on the war, Hughes efforts seemed to have been skewed mostly by his own party. Theodore Roosevelt, who had split the party in the previous election, was now giving his endorsements to the Republican Party. Even though he was resentful for his lack of nomination in the party, he felt it was best to support them in order to oppose his most hated Wilson. Roosevelt held many speeches in an effort to support Hughes, but ended up leading a pro-war campaign that did nothing less than upset the majority of the US population and its absolute view on isolationism as well as alienating others. Nearing the end of the election, there was a minor issue in California pertaining to Hughes was slight of both Senator Hiram Johnson and the California Labor Unions. In spite of this, however, most of the American public believed that Hughes was most certainly going to win the election anyway. Results in November, as well, made the election one of the closest in history. Hughes took an early lead in the eastern and mid-western states but Wilson persevered and found himself in the lead with the western and southern votes. Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. Although still narrow, Wilson had also won the popular vote, taking 49% of the popular vote to Hughes 46%. The remaining five percent went to the third parties, leaving a 4% split between the Prohibitionists and Socialists. Voter turnout reached a high of 62%, and would not be matched for another 24 years until Franklin Delano Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1940. Also, the 11 states that had already approved womens suffrage played a great role in the election, as all but one state voted for Wilson. If Hughes had carried California and its 13 electoral votes, he would have won the election. This made the incident in California seem to be the cause which may have very well cost him the election. In account of the election, we also see differences and similarities between past and present elections that allow us to compare and contrast our histories. Vice President Thomas Marshall was the first vice president elected to a second term since John C. Calhoun in the election of 1828. Woodrow Wilson was the only person other than James Knox Polk to win a presidential election but not win his home and birth state. His popular vote margin of 3.1% was also the smallest percentage margin in history for a victorious sitting President until the 2004 election, in which George W. Bush produced a margin of 2.4%. Wilson is also the only president in U.S. history to win re-election with fewer electoral votes than in his first election. However, Wilson is not the only President to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote in his second election than in his first election. The other president was James Madison, who although had a lower percentage, did have a lower electoral vote total. The election in general also has a distinct relevance to the 2004 election. Wilson, like Bush, was the incumbent president running for a second term whose only previous experience in a political office was as his home states governor. Though one ran on a strong war record and the other on keeping out of the war, Wilson and Bush had both run on their previous presidencys involvement in war. Both were keen on their domestic involvement, however Bush wanted less taxes and Wilson wished for a new graduated federal income tax. Though different, there is most evidently a distinct connection between this election and others that has and will remain most important to our nations history. Mark Twain stated the importance of ones past quite well, History does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme. Written By: Carlynn Ferguson Resources: Hicks, J.D. (1941). The American nation; a history of the united states from 1865 to the present. Cambridge, MA, U.S.A: The Riverside Press. Richardson, D.B. (n.d.). CB Presidential Research Services, . (2009). Allan benson. Retrieved from http://www.presidentsusa.net/albenson.html Mount, S. (2007, February 20). Electoral vote 1916 election. Retrieved from http://www.usconstitution.net/ev_1916.html Woodrow Wilson. (2009). In Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved December 10, 2009, from Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/644766/Woodrow-Wilson Election of 1916. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h888.html United states presidential election, 1916. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.viswiki.com/en/United_States_presidential_election,_1916 United states presidential election, 1916. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1916 Peters, G. (1999). The American presidency project. Retrieved from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29591 Electoral college 1916. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/b/bd/ElectoralCollege1916-Large.png Miller, D. (2005). 1916 timeline. Retrieved from http://din-timelines.com/1916_timeline.shtml Legacy america. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.legacyamericana.com/servlet/the-Presidential-Candidates-cln-Charles-E.-Hughes/Categories charles evans hughes. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Charles_Evans_Hughes (n.d.). Retrieved from http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/1483/1518969/DIVI508.jpg (n.d.). Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Prohibition+Party (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/elections/images/1916_antiWilsonToon56962.jpg (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.corbisimages.com/images/U42650INP.jpg?size=67uid=31107087-C729-48D8-AE0E-F24913B92735 Art Antiques Online Auction, Initials. (2003, January). Retrieved from http://www.aspireauctions.com/auction13/details/1650.html Last Finegold-Sachs., D.C. (2005). Dcs political report. Retrieved from http://www.dcpoliticalreport.com/members/1988/pres16.htm (n.d.). Retrieved from http://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2008/09/24/pages/2698/PoliticalCartoon6.jpg Woolley, J, Peters, G. (1999). The American presidency project. Retrieved from http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showelection.php?year=1916 Mia : early american marxism : socialist party of america history page. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/history/usa/eam/spa/socialistparty.html Smyth, M. (2004, October 22). 2004 as the bizzaro election of 1916. Retrieved from http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=MVS2004102201 Wilson re-elected in 1916 an the wwi. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCNfvC_8324 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/4/4a/1916vote.jpg/550px-1916vote.jpg
Wednesday, September 4, 2019
Sex in Ursula K. LeGuins The Left Hand of Darkness Essay -- essays re
Let’s Talk About Sex Ursula K. LeGuin’s The Left Hand of Darkness is the story of Genly Ai’s travels to a strange planet called Gethen, or Winter. His mission there is to persuade the nations of Gethen to join an alliance Genly Ai represents called the â€Å"Ekumen†. However, his journey is rather difficult due to the great difference in societies from Genly Ai’s home planet, Earth, and this new one. In Gethen, he learns that the people are completely unsexed for the majority of their days. When they are sexed, it is only for a few days and each person is either male or female during this time. The different governments use Genly Ai as a pawn, but in the end they join the alliance. Unfortunately, it comes with the price of his friend’s life. LeGuin has Genly Ai’s descriptions of gender become less and less male or female for the purpose of showing his assimilation on Gethen. When Genly Ai first arrives on Gethen, LeGuin has him sex everyone to show how much of a stranger he is to the planet. LeGuin has Estraven and Genly Ai supper at Estraven’s house, at which time LeGuin has Genly Ai think about the androgynous people of Gethen and she has him realize that he sees â€Å"a Gethenian first as a man, than as a woman, forcing him into those categories so irrelevant to his nature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (12). When LeGuin has Genly Ai say this, she is showing the way Genly Ai’s understanding of sex being very set in place is also a representation of how he is mentally unfit with the rest of the Gethenians. Additionally, LeGuin has Genly Ai call everyone on Gethen â€Å"man†, and †he†because he cannot picture a culture that has no distinction between sexes at all times. When LeGuin has Genly Ai meet the King of Gethen, Argaven up close, she has him remark that â€Å"Argaven ... ...raven] what women are like†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (235). LeGuin has Genly Ai struggle with this thought as a show of how used to unsexed people he really is. When LeGuin has him see permanently sexed people from his home planet, LeGuin has him be so unfamiliar with it that he doesn’t like it. At first sight, LeGuin has Genly Ai describe them as â€Å"†¦a troupe of great, strange animals, of two different species, great apes with intelligent eyes, all of them in rut, in kemmer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (296). LeGuin has Genly Ai experience these people in such a negative way because Genly Ai simply wasn’t used to the sight of such sexed people. LeGuin even went so far as to have Genly Ai include the Gethenian word â€Å"kemmer†to show how much assimilation has taken place within him. It is in this way that LeGuin uses Genly Ai’s descriptions become less and less gendered to show that he has accepted the culture on Gethen.
Tuesday, September 3, 2019
Victorian Language Essay examples -- Victorian Era
Victorian Language The fact of the matter: â€Å"Nobody speaks at all like the characters in any novel, play or film. Life would be intolerable if they did; and novels, plays or films would be intolerable if the characters spoke as people do in life†(Abercrombie 1965). So what was the real way of speech? Fiction was generally thought to be an accurate portrayal of reality; â€Å"true life†(Chapman 1). It was unfavorable if it stressed credulity too far. Therefore, fiction is our main source of information; it is our main source to the reality of speech for the Victorians. Greater mobility and expansion of communication of the Victorian era brought together regional groups, thus increasing the complexity of the variations in the English language. Consequently, pronunciation evolved as an indicator of social prestige (Chapman 6-8). Two categories of speech developed: Standard and Non-Standard speech. Formation of Standard Speech vs. Non-Standard Speech The Education Act of 1870 established the school as a ‘melting pot’ for upper and middle class children and the speech boundary had to be resolved. Thus a uniform accent (Standard speech) was created and pupils who refused to accept this new accent or who could not adapt to this new way of speech were severely punished. Peer pressure was also an issue because the new boy would have to adapt to the new form of speech in order for his peers to accept him or to merely avoid bullies (Chapman 12). Non-Standard Speech This type of speech was also synonymous with lower class slang, â€Å"cockney†or the way in which the ‘uneducated’ communicated, specific to the East End (Chapman 19). The infamous â€Å"cockney†was native to the East End, as remains today. Cockney dialect allowed spelling and ... ... word ‘affidavit,’ yet Rogue Riderhood mispronounces it as an â€Å"Alfred David†(Dickens 12). Therefore, language in the Victorian era was important in ranking members of classes and occupations. Language had the potential to assess and reflect upon one’s regional, educational, occupational and family background. The distinctions in speech amongst three different social ranks are evident in the following excerpt from an adaptation of Elizabeth Gaskell’s North and South. Episode 1, Clip 3. http://www.bbc.co.uk/drama/northandsouth/episode1.shtml Works Cited Chapman, Raymond. Forms of Speech in Victorian Fiction. New York: Longman, 1994. Dickens, Charles. Our Mutual Friend. 1865. Introduction and notes Adrian Poole. New York: Penguin, 1997. Phillipps, K.C. Language and Class in Victorian England. Ed. David Crystal. New York: Basil Blackwell Inc, 1984.
Monday, September 2, 2019
Vancouver Essay -- British Columbia Canada
Location: Vancouver is the largest city in British Columbia and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest region. It is a coastal city and major seaport located in the Lower Mainland of south western British Columbia, Canada. Population: The population of the city of Vancouver is 578,041 and the population of Metro Vancouver is 2,116,581. Vancouver is ethnically diverse, with 52% of city residents and 43% of Metro residents having a first language other than English. With a population of about 600,000 (BC Stats estimate), Vancouver lies in a region of more than 2 million people. Vancouver is the largest city in the province of British Columbia and the third largest in Canada. It covers an area of 114 sq km. History Archaeological evidence shows that coastal Indians had settled the Vancouver area by 500 B.C. British naval captain George Vancouver explored the area in 1792. Vancouver was founded as a sawmill settlement called Granville in the 1870s. The city was incorporated in 1886 and renamed after Captain Vancouver. Vancouver is named after Captain George Vancouver, a British explorer. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", Vancouver is also part of the slightly larger Lower Mainland metropolitan area which comprises a total population of 2,285,900. Vancouver was largest urban area. Western Canada was the third largest in the country. denoting somebody from (in Dutch: "van") Coevorden, an old city in The Netherlands. Vancouver was first settled in the 1860s as a result of immigration caused by the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, particularly from the United States, although many immigrants did not remain after the rush. The city developed rapidly from a small lumber mill ... ...Free Zone. Aviation Located in Richmond, Vancouver International Airport (YVR) is the principal international airport in western Canada and is the second busiest in the nation. As the premier gateway to Asia, it hosts many airlines' regional offices and their flights daily to Asia, Europe, and the United States. Vancouver is the closest air-link to Asia, offering the fastest North American airport with daily flights to the Republic of Korea's Incheon International Airport. Vancouver is also served by the Abbotsford International Airport, fast becoming a reliever to YVR convenient for the eastern suburbs and transborder United States. Operating from Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome on the Downtown waterfront, several floatplane operators support both tourist scenic flights and practical transportation, with extensive operations during daylight hours. Vancouver Essay -- British Columbia Canada Location: Vancouver is the largest city in British Columbia and the second largest in the Pacific Northwest region. It is a coastal city and major seaport located in the Lower Mainland of south western British Columbia, Canada. Population: The population of the city of Vancouver is 578,041 and the population of Metro Vancouver is 2,116,581. Vancouver is ethnically diverse, with 52% of city residents and 43% of Metro residents having a first language other than English. With a population of about 600,000 (BC Stats estimate), Vancouver lies in a region of more than 2 million people. Vancouver is the largest city in the province of British Columbia and the third largest in Canada. It covers an area of 114 sq km. History Archaeological evidence shows that coastal Indians had settled the Vancouver area by 500 B.C. British naval captain George Vancouver explored the area in 1792. Vancouver was founded as a sawmill settlement called Granville in the 1870s. The city was incorporated in 1886 and renamed after Captain Vancouver. Vancouver is named after Captain George Vancouver, a British explorer. The name Vancouver itself originates from the Dutch "van Coevorden", Vancouver is also part of the slightly larger Lower Mainland metropolitan area which comprises a total population of 2,285,900. Vancouver was largest urban area. Western Canada was the third largest in the country. denoting somebody from (in Dutch: "van") Coevorden, an old city in The Netherlands. Vancouver was first settled in the 1860s as a result of immigration caused by the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush, particularly from the United States, although many immigrants did not remain after the rush. The city developed rapidly from a small lumber mill ... ...Free Zone. Aviation Located in Richmond, Vancouver International Airport (YVR) is the principal international airport in western Canada and is the second busiest in the nation. As the premier gateway to Asia, it hosts many airlines' regional offices and their flights daily to Asia, Europe, and the United States. Vancouver is the closest air-link to Asia, offering the fastest North American airport with daily flights to the Republic of Korea's Incheon International Airport. Vancouver is also served by the Abbotsford International Airport, fast becoming a reliever to YVR convenient for the eastern suburbs and transborder United States. Operating from Vancouver Harbour Water Aerodrome on the Downtown waterfront, several floatplane operators support both tourist scenic flights and practical transportation, with extensive operations during daylight hours.
Sunday, September 1, 2019
American Lit: Anne, the Author to Her Book, Mistress Bradstreet Essay
In â€Å"Anne,†begin with The Author to Her Book, which evidently was written as the epigraph to the second edition of her collection of poems. What of her personality as a woman comes through in the poem? In â€Å"The Author to Her Book†It is immediate that the reader knows that a woman and a mother wrote this piece. â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain, Who after birth did’st by my side remain†¦Ã¢â‚¬ This sentence sets the stage for everything that would come next about her from staying by her side while children, to going out into the world with friends, and becoming adults and moving out of the house. Threw the middle of the poem, lines 5-10, you can tell that she is unhappy with her children for what is unclear but â€Å"brat†and â€Å"cast thee by as one unfit for light†can’t be a good sign. The last two lines though you can tell she will always love her children but she has to let them go. For a mother in that time period, especially a mother of 8, you can really get the sense of how much of an up and down ride I was to raise so many children and all the responsibility’s that when along with it. †¢In â€Å"Mistress Bradstreet†, what poems show her in her social life as the wife of a high official? From reading â€Å"Upon the Burning of Our House†I can gather that she was a wife of a high official or that she had had any money is to be new to Virginia she and her husband had many thing you wouldn’t think would be in a typical pilgrims home. Things that were burn such as a trunk, table and her stores even though she doesn’t really describe her stores, these alone would tell you that she was better off than most even before the mention of â€Å"pelf†which meant money or wealth. Works Cited George Perkins, B. P. (2009). The American Tradition in Literature. New York: McGraw Hill.
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